The impact of livelihood diversification as a climate change adaptation strategy on poverty level of pastoral households in southeastern and southern Ethiopia

References

• Abebe, Z. (2011). Dimensions and Determinants of poverty among rural households: The case of Itang Special district in Gambella, Ethiopia (issue May). Addis Ababa University.
   Google Scholar
• Abubeker, M., Ayalneh, B., & Aseffa, S. (2014). Options to reduce poverty among agro-pastoral households of Ethiopia: A case study from Aysaita district of Afar national regional state. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, 6(6), 257–21. https://doi.org/10.5897/JDAE12.163
   Google Scholar
• Achiba, G. A. (2018). Managing livelihood risks: Income diversification and the livelihood strategies of households in pastoral settlements in Isiolo County, Kenya. Pastoralism, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13570-018-0120-x
   Google Scholar
• Addae-Korankye, A. (2014). Causes of poverty in Africa: A review of literature. American International Journal of Social Science, 3(7), 147–153.
   Google Scholar
• Aden, G., & Kula, J. (2020). Prevalence of Camel Trypanosomosis and associated risk factors in Arero district, Borena Zone, southern Ethiopia. International Journal of Veterinary Science and Research, 6(1), 014–022. https://doi.org/10.17352/ijvsr.000048
   Google Scholar
• Ali, A., & Erenstein, O. (2017). Assessing farmer use of climate change adaptation practices and impacts on food security and poverty in Pakistan climate risk Management assessing farmer use of climate change adaptation practices and impacts on food security and poverty in Pakistan. Climate Risk Management, 16(January), 183–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2016.12.001
   Google Scholar
• Anteneh, M. E. (2020). Determinants of poverty in rural households: Evidence from north-Western Ethiopia. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 6(1), 1823652. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2020.1823652
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anyanwu, J. C., & Anyanwu, J. C. (2017). The key drivers of poverty in sub-Saharan Africa and what can be done about it to achieve the poverty Sustainable Development goal. Asian Journal of Economic Modelling, 5(3), 297–317. https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.8.2017.53.297.317
   Google Scholar
• Araya, M. T., Gabriel, T. W., & Zeremariam, F. (2019). Status and determinants of poverty and income inequality in pastoral and agro-pastoral communities: Household-based evidence from Afar Regional State, Ethiopia. World Development Perspectives, 15(May), 100123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wdp.2019.100123
   Google Scholar
• Asfaw, E., Tessema, Z., & Ibsa Aliyi, U. (2020). Impacts of climatic factors on vegetation species diversity, Herbaceous Biomass in Borana, southern Ethiopia. Global Journal of Ecology, 5, 033–037. https://doi.org/10.17352/gje.000017
   Google Scholar
• Berhanu, W., & Beyene, F. (2014). The impact of climate change on pastoral production systems: A study of climate variability and household adaptation strategies in southern Ethiopian rangelands, WIDER Working Paper, No. 2014/028. In The United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER).
   Google Scholar
• Bhuiya, A., Mahmood, S. S., Rana, A. M., Wahed, T., Ahmed, S. M., & Chowdhury, A. M. R. (2007). A multidimensional approach to measure poverty in rural Bangladesh. Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition, 25(2), 134–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birhanu, N., (PHD), & Getachew, D. (2017). Livelihood diversification: Strategies, Determinants and challenges for pastoral and agro-pastoral communities of Bale Zone, Ethiopia. American Journal of Environmental and Geoscience, 1(1), 19–28. [ ISSN 0000-0000].
   Google Scholar
• Cameron, A. C., & Trivedi, P. K. (2005). Microeconometrics methods and applications. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cosmas, E., Ngowi, E., Ng, K., & Muhanga, M. (2022). Factors influencing transient poverty among maasai pastoralists households in semi-arid areas of Simanjiro district, Tanzania. The Sub Saharan Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 1(June), 25–36.
   Google Scholar
• Debela, N., McNeil, D., Bridle, K., & Mohammed, C. (2019). Adaptation to climate change in the pastoral and agropastoral systems of Borana, south Ethiopia: Options and barriers. American Journal of Climate Change, 08(1), 40–60. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajcc.2019.81003
   Google Scholar
• Dercon, S., & Krishnan, P. Changes in poverty in rural Ethiopia 1989-1995: Measurement, robustness tests and decomposition. 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Dereje, H. B., & Okoyo, E. N. (2015). The status of poverty in gebi resu pastoralists area of afar. Journal of Poverty, Investment and Development, 17, 56–72.
   Google Scholar
• Dereje, T., Teshale, S., Banti, T., Getachew, K., Wieland, B., & Gezahegn, A. (2022). Prevalence and risk factors of Brucella spp. In goats in Borana pastoral area, southern Oromia, Ethiopia. Small Ruminant Research, 206, 106594–106596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2021.106594
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desalegn, A. Y., Filho, W. L., Woldetisadik, M., Solomon, D., & Li, C. (2018). Climate change vulnerability among pastoralists and farmers in Ethiopia. Springer Nature Switzerland, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.10007/978-3-319-71025-9_190-1
   Google Scholar
• Desalegn, T. W., Jema, H., & Abule, M. (2020). Intensity and Determinants of rural poverty in Banja district of Awi zone, Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia. International Journal of Agricultural Economics, 5(3), 49. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijae.20200503.11
   Google Scholar
• Desalegn, Y. A., Maren, R., Solomon, D., & Getachew, G. (2018). Climate variability, perceptions of pastoralists and their adaptation strategies: Implications for livestock system and diseases in Borana zone. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 10(4), 596–615. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCCSM-06-2017-0143
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ermiyas, A. M., & Batu, M. … , & Teka, E. (2019). Determinants of rural poverty in Ethiopia: A household level analysis in the case of Dejen Woreda. Arts and Social Sciences Journal, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.4172/2151-6200.1000436
   Google Scholar
• FAO. (2004). Socio-economic analysis and Policy implications of the roles of Agriculture in developing countries. Summary report, roles of Agriculture Project, FAO, Rome, Italy.
   Google Scholar
• FAO. (2018). Pastoralism in Africa’s drylands reducing risks, addressing vulnerability and enhancing resilience (issue February).
   Google Scholar
• Fassil, E., & Elias, M. (2016). Determinants of off farm income diversification and its effect on rural household poverty in Gamo Gofa zone, southern Ethiopia. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, 8(10), 215–227. https://doi.org/10.5897/jdae2016-0736
   Google Scholar
• Feed the Future. (2018) . Global food security strategy (GFSS) Ethiopia country plan September 2018. The US Government’s Global Hunger & Food Security Initiative.
   Google Scholar
• Fissha, A., Hailemariam, T., & Alemu, M. (2019). The e ff ect of climate change adaptation strategy on farm households welfare in the Nile basin of Ethiopia. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 11(4), 518–535. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCCSM-10-2017-0192
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitsum, B., Nega, M., & Dejen, T. (2017). Analysis of Current rainfall variability and trends over Bale-Zone, south eastern Highland of Ethiopia. SciFed Journal of Global Warming, 1(2), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.23959/sfjgw-1000007
   Google Scholar
• Food for the Hungry and Tearfund. (2019). Making markets work. The role of livestock markets in building the resilience of pastoralists against drought in Marsabit, Kenya.
   Google Scholar
• Foster, J., Greer, J., & Thorbecke, E. (1984). A class of decomposable poverty measures. Econometrica, Journal of the Econometrica Society, 52(3), 761–766. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913475
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galgalo, D., Degefa, T., & Shiferaw, M. E. (2019). The determinants and purpose of income diversification of rural households in Bangladesh. International Journal of Agricultural Resources, Governance and Ecology, 15(3), 232–251. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJARGE.2019.103311
   Google Scholar
• Galvin, K. A., Boone, R. B., Smith, N. M., & Lynn, S. J. (2001). Impacts of climate variability on east African pastoralists: Linking social science and remote sensing. Climate Research, 19, 161–172. https://doi.org/10.3354/cr019161
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Girma, M., & Temesgen, Y. (2018). Determinants and its extent of rural poverty in Ethiopia: Evidence from Doyogena district, southern part of Ethiopia. Journal of Economics and International Finance, 10(3), 22–29. https://doi.org/10.5897/jeif2017.0837
   Google Scholar
• Goodman, S., BenYishay, A., Lv, Z., & Runfola, D. (2019). GeoQuery: Integrating HPC systems and Public web-based Geospatial data Tools. Computers & Geosciences, 122, 103–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2018.10.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene, W. H. (2012). Econometric analysis seventh edition. New York University.
   Google Scholar
• Guilyardi, E., Lescarmontier, L., Matthews, R., Point, S. P., Rumjaun, B. A., Schlüpmann, J., & Wilgenbus, D. (2018). IPCC special report Global warming of 1. 5 ° C summary for teachers coordinator. In Office for Climate Education, Sorbonne Université,
   Google Scholar
• Habtamu, H. S., Tekle, L. M., & Marisennayya, S. (2021). Determinants of rural household poverty: The case of Sodo Zuria Woreda, Wolaita zone, southern Ethiopia. European Journal of Sustainable Development Research, 5(2), em0157. 5(2 https://doi.org/10.21601/ejosdr/10844
   Google Scholar
• Herrero, M., Addison, J., Bedelian, C., Carabine, E., Havlík, P., Henderson, B., Steeg Van De, J., & Thornton, P. K. (2016). Climate change and pastoralism: Impacts, consequences and adaptation climate change and pastoral systems. Revue Scientifique et Technique de l’OIE, 35(2), 417–433. https://doi.org/10.20506/rst/35.2.2533
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston, J., & Dinardo, J. (1997). Econometric methods fourth edition. McGraw Hill Companies, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Kendall, M. G. (1970). Rank correlation methods (Fourth Edi ed.). Charles Giriffin & Company Limited 42 Drury Lane.
   Google Scholar
• Kimaro, E. G., Mor, S. M., & Toribio, J. L. M. L. (2018). Climate change perception and impacts on cattle production in pastoral communities of northern Tanzania. Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice, 8(19), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13570-018-0125-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research methodology: Methods and techniques (2nd ed.). New Age International Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Malagnoux, M. (2007). Afforestation and Sustainable forests as a means to combat desertification. Arid land forests of the world Global Environmental Perspectives 16-19 April 2007, Jerusalem, Israel. (Issue April). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
   Google Scholar
• Maxwell, D. (2017). Livelihoods diversification and resilience in dryland areas for USAID resilience evidence forum. Feinstein International Center, 3–5.
   Google Scholar
• Melaku, B., Dana., H., Girmay, T., Tewodros, T., Oniki, S., Masaru, K., & Keske, C. M. H. (2017). The effects of adaptation to climate change on income of households in rural Ethiopia. Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice, 7(12), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13570-017-0084-2
   Google Scholar
• Mikias, B. (2014). The effect of climate change and variability on the livelihoods of local communities: In the case of Central Rift Valley region of Ethiopia. Open Access Library Journal The, 1(4), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1100453
   Google Scholar
• Mitiku, A. W., Gudina, L. F., & Kassahun, T. B. (2022). Climate Trend analysis for a semi-arid Borana zone in southern Ethiopia during 1981–2018. Environmental Systems Research, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40068-022-00247-7
   Google Scholar
• Mohammed, M., Habtamu, T., & Ahimed, A. (2018). Socio-economic and Environmental impacts of Invasive Plant Species in selected districts of Bale Zone, southeast Ethiopia. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 13(14), 673–681. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajar2017.12982
   Google Scholar
• Oparinde, L. O. (2021). Fish farmers’ welfare and climate change adaptation strategies in southwest, Nigeria: Application of multinomial endogenous switching regression model. Aquaculture Economics & Management, 25(4), 450–471. https://doi.org/10.1080/13657305.2021.1893863
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Planning and Development Commission. (2018). Poverty and economic growth in Ethiopia (1995/96-2015/16). (Issue December).
   Google Scholar
• Ralston, L., Andrews, C., & Hsiao, A. (2017). The impacts of safety nets in Africa what are We learning? Policy Research working paper WPS8255 ( 8255; Issue November).
   Google Scholar
• Sadik, A. H., Abdirahman, H., & Abdirahmaan, A. (2021). Determinants of agro-pastoral households' livelihood diversification strategies in Awbare district, Fafan zone of Somali State, Ethiopia. International Journal of Agricultural Economics, 6(6), 256. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijae.20210606.13
   Google Scholar
• Sen, P. K. (1968). Estimates of the regression Coefficient based on Kendall ’ s tau. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 63(324), 1379–1389. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1968.10480934
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serkalem, G., Tilahun, T., & Teshager, M. (2014). Determinants of agro-pastoralist climate change adaptation strategies: Case of Rayitu Woredas, Oromiya region, Ethiopia. Research Journal of Environmental Sciences, 8(6), 300–317. https://doi.org/10.3923/rjes.2014.300.317
   Google Scholar
• Shibru, T. M., Jema, H. M., & Yohannes, M. W. (2014). Dimensions and Determinants of agro-pastoral households ’ poverty in Dembel district of Somali Regional State, Ethiopia. Journal of Poverty, Investment and Development - an Open Access International Journal, 3, 6–12.
   Google Scholar
• Tagesse, A. M., Endrias, G., & Stefan, S. (2020). Understanding livelihood diversification patterns among smallholder farm households in southern Ethiopia. Sustainable Agriculture Research, 9(1), 26–41. https://doi.org/10.5539/sar.v9n1p26
   Google Scholar
• Teka, A. M., Temesgen Woldu, G., & Fre, Z. (2019). Status and determinants of poverty and income inequality in pastoral and agro-pastoral communities: Household-based evidence from Afar Regional State, Ethiopia. World Development Perspectives, 15(May), 100123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wdp.2019.100123
   Google Scholar
• Teshale Woldie, D., Haji, J., & Mehare, A. (2020). Intensity and Determinants of rural poverty in Banja district of Awi zone, Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia. International Journal of Agricultural Economics, 5(3), 49. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijae.20200503.11
   Google Scholar
• Tobin, J. (1956). Estimation of relationships for limited dependent variables. Cowles Foundation Discussion Paper No. 3R
   Google Scholar
• Tobin, J. (1958). Estimation of relationships for limited dependent variables. Econometrica, 26(1), 24–36. https://doi.org/10.2307/1907382
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsehaynesh, A., Tamiru, C., Adugna, E., & Hasanuzzaman, M. (2021). The impact of rural livelihood diversification on household poverty: Evidence from Jimma zone, Oromia National Regional State, southwest Ethiopia. Scientific World Journal, 2021, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/3894610
   Google Scholar
• UNDP. 2017. Income inequality trends in sub-Saharan. P. C. Ayodele Odusola, Giovanni Andrea Cornia. Ed., Undp, http://www.africa.undp.org/content/dam/rba/docs/Reports/Overview-IncomeinequalityTrendsSSA-EN-web.pdf%0Aafrica.undp.org.
   Google Scholar
• UNICEF. (2015). Ethiopia humanitarian situation report SitRep #7 – reporting period, November-December 2015.
   Google Scholar
• UNICEF. (2018). Ethiopia Humanitarian Situation Report SitRep # 4– Reporting Period April 2018.
   Google Scholar
• USAID. (2020). Food assistance fact sheet Ethiopia. ( Updated January 27, 2020(USAID,2020).
   Google Scholar
• WMO. (2018). WMO statement on the state of the global climate in 2017. World Meteorological Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Yusuf, H. M., Daninga, P. D., & Xiaoyun, L. (2015). Determinants of rural poverty in Tanzania: Evidence from Mkinga district, Tanga region. Iiste, 5(6), 40–49.
   Google Scholar
• Zegeye, P. B. (2017). Determinants of poverty in rural households (the case of Damot Gale district in Wolaita zone) a household level analysis. International Journal of African and Asian Studies, 29, 68–75. www.iiste.org
   Google Scholar
• Zekâi, Ş. (2012). Innovative trend analysis methodology. American Society of Civil Engineers, 17(September), 1042–1046. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000556
   Google Scholar