https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3206-4298
Abstract
Background
Fireworks are a culturally significant part of celebrations in many parts of the world but can lead to blinding injuries.
Objective
To decipher the profile and management outcomes of fireworks-related eye injuries at a tertiary eye hospital in central Saudi Arabia.
Methods
This was a retrospective review of cases with fireworks-related eye injuries managed at our institution between 2003 and 2019. Demographic information, clinical features at presentation, mode of management, and visual outcome were evaluated at the last follow-up.
Results
A total of 155 eyes of 150 patients with a median age of 10 years [127 male (84.7%) and 69 (46%) right eyes, 76 (50.7%) left eyes, and 5 patients with bilateral injury] were enrolled for the study. Among the injured individuals, 59 (39.3%) were bystanders and 91 (60.7%) had ignited the fireworks. The fireworks included bangers (53; 35.3%), rockets in bottle (42; 28%), firecrackers (41; 27.3%). Closed globe injury (CGI) was the most common type of eye injury (100; 64.5% eyes) while Open globe injury (OGI) was noted in (55; 35.5% eyes). Management used for treatment included penetrating injury repair (55; 35.5%), lens removal/lens implant (51; 32.9%). Corrected distance visual acuity obtained after 6 months was 20/20 to 20/60 (74; 47.7%), 20/70 to 20/200 in (31; 20%), <20/200 to 20/400 in (9; 5.8%) and <20/400 in (41; 26.5%) eyes. Treatment was able to restore vision and salvage blindness in 50 (32.3%) eyes.
Conclusion
Mainly males were found to suffer from fireworks-related eye injuries and the main fireworks responsible for them were bangers. Visual disability remained in one-third of the treated patients.
Graphical abstract
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Introduction
Fireworks are a culturally significant part of celebrations in many parts of the world.Citation1 It was estimated by the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) that nearly 10,500 individuals (3.3 per 100,000) underwent treatment at emergency department of hospitals for injuries related to fireworks in year 2014. This rate of affected individuals has remained relatively stable since year 1999.Citation2,Citation3 Fireworks originated in ancient China which contained combustible chemicals that caused explosion or spectacular effects.Citation4 Across Europe, ocular damage is reported in 21.8% cases (16% to 45%) of all the fireworks-related injuries.Citation5 It was reported in a study conducted in USA that ocular injuries contributed to nearly 31% of all the fireworks-related trauma during Independence Day celebrations.Citation6 Wisse et alCitation5 reported that the use of fireworks in developing and developed countries contributed to 22% of total eye injuries. Overall, it could be stated that fireworks-related trauma is the main reason for visual disability.Citation7
To the best of our knowledge, data about the epidemiology of fireworks-related ocular injuries in Saudi Arabia is limited. In this study, we are presenting the epidemiology of fireworks-related ocular injuries, causes and their management outcomes at a tertiary eye hospital in central Saudi Arabia over a time period of 16 years.
Materials and Methods
This retrospective study was carried out at our institution. The Hospital’s Institutional Review Board approved this study and it adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. A chart review was done for the patients who visited the hospital during year 2003 to 2019 with the complaint of ocular injuries caused by the fireworks from 2003 to 2019 (16 years). Written informed consent, including consent to publish, was obtained from all participants. The demographic profile of patients including age at the time of management, gender, laterality (right, left or both eyes), type of injury and type of fireworks were recorded. It was also recorded that person who got injured was an active participant in firework ignition or was a bystander. A comprehensive ophthalmic examination was performed using slit lamp biomicroscopy (Topcon Corp., Tokyo, Japan) at the initial presentation of the individual as well as on follow-up visits. The posterior segment was examined using indirect binocular ophthalmoscope (Keller, USA). Ocular B-scan ultrasonography, ultrasound biomicroscopy and tonometry (using Tonopen Medtronic plc., Dublin, Ireland) were performed only if the globe was not perforated. Orbital computed tomography (CT) scan was performed to evaluate the presence/absence of intraocular foreign body (IOFB). All patients who sustained open globe injuries underwent imaging of the eye and orbit before any intervention to rule out retention of any foreign bodies. The extent of ocular damage was noted, and the details of management were recorded. Surgical intervention, when indicated, was performed within 24 hours of presentation. All patients were classified based on Ocular Trauma Classification System (OTCS).Citation8 Since our institute is an ophthalmic specialized center, all patients presented with isolated eye injuries were treated here and for the associated body injuries, they were treated at another general hospital.
Uncorrected and corrected distance visual acuity (UDVA and CDVA, respectively) was tested with a Snellen chart or Cardiff acuity cards or finger counting at the time of initial presentation and after management. Poor visual outcome was defined as CDVA <20/200 and unilateral blindness as CDVA <20/400 in the injured eye. The visual impairment grades defined by the World Health Organization were adopted in our study.Citation9
Microsoft office excel 2010 was used for collecting data. Univariate analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 25) (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Normally distributed quantitative variables were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (SD). Presentation of qualitative variables was done as frequencies and percentage proportion. For subgroup analysis validation of continuous variables, we performed Student’s t-test, and a two-sided P value was calculated. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
A total 155 eyes of 150 individuals with ocular injury due to fireworks were enrolled for the study. Their median age was 10 years (IQR 7; 14). Of all the recruited patients, 127 (84.7%) were male and 23 females. Bilateral injury was noted in 5 patients. Sixty-nine (46%) patients had the involvement of right eye in the injury.
Among the type of fireworks which caused injury, as recalled by the patients, bangers were the most common causing injury in 53 individuals (35.3%) followed by rockets placed in bottle in 42 (28%), firecrackers in 41 (27.3%), and unknown in 14 (9.3%). As many as 59 (39.3%) patients were bystanders and 91 (60.7%) patients were involved in igniting the fireworks at the time of ocular injury. Diagnosis of all the ocular injuries caused by fireworks is summarized in . The most common injuries included corneal/scleral/corneoscleral laceration in 35.5% eyes () and traumatic cataract in 33.5% eyes (). Classification of fireworks-related ocular injuries is showing in . Type of surgical management used in ocular injuries has been mentioned in .
Table 1 Diagnosis of Fireworks-Related Ocular Injuries
Table 2 Classification of Fireworks-Related Ocular Injuries
Table 3 Surgical Management of Eyes with Fireworks Injuries
Figure 1 Severe eye trauma with eyelid laceration and open globe injury in a child with firework injury.
Figure 2 Subluxated cataractous lens in the eye of a person having a firework injury.
Poor visual outcome was defined as vision <20/200 in the injured eye. After either surgical or medical intervention, 74 (47.7%) eyes had good visual outcome (20/40 or better). The prevalence of unilateral blindness in our study was 32.2% out of 47% eyes with <20/200 before management. We were able to reduce severe visual impairment to 32.3%.
Discussion
Based on the results obtained from this study for the patients with ocular injuries due to fireworks, it was found that young male children are predominantly affected by it and mainly uniocular trauma occurs. Bangers and rockets were main types of fireworks causing ocular injuries and among clinical diagnosis, corneoscleral lacerations and traumatic cataract were the main ocular presentations. The most common cause for these injuries was ignition of the fireworks, and it was found that four in the ten affected patients were bystanders. Nearly half of the affected individuals had normal functional vision six months after management. Therefore, it is evident that prompt and standard intervention could reduce blindness by one third.
Studies related to ocular injuries and outcomes of standard management are not new. However, studies based on fireworks-related ocular injuries and outcomes of management in Arabian population is unique. With strict laws preventing fireworks in Saudi Arabia, availability and unsupervised usage is a matter of concern. Various awareness campaigns of the hazards of fireworks-related ocular injuries through different media, social networks were performed to raise public awareness. The findings of the present study indicate that additional policies regarding use of fireworks are required to reduce the incidences of visual morbidity in children (and adults).
Fireworks-related Ocular injuries are mainly common during occasions, such as Diwali in India, the spring festival in China and Eid al-Fitr celebration in Islamic countries like Malaysia.Citation10–Citation13 In Saudi Arabia, Al-Qattan and Al-Tamimi have reported hand burns due to fireworks.Citation14 Their study observations have indicated that wherever fireworks related injuries occur, there is a strong possibility of ocular injuries, and it needs to be evaluated.
In our study, half of the injured children were younger than 10 years of age. This indicates that children are more vulnerable to ocular trauma due to fireworks. This observation concurs with previous studies.Citation15,Citation16 In USA, 10 to 20 years old comprised of one-third of the injured children.Citation17 This observation has been attributed to the lack of supervision, little experience in handling fireworks, more risk-taking behavior, and lower ability to respond to the dangerous hazards. Overall data indicates that there is a need for educating children regarding the dangers that fireworks pose, and implementation of this education at an earlier school age.
In our study more males than females had fireworks-related ocular injuries which is consistent with the previously available literatureCitation4,Citation11,Citation18. The male preponderance in the frequency and severity of the injury may be attributed to increased risk taking behavior amongst males. This highlights a need for awareness and prevention programs that targets young males who appear to be at greater risk.
In our study, 39.3% of injured people were bystanders and received ocular related-fireworks injury indicating the possible threat to the gathering of observers by the fireworks. Hence, bystanders watching fireworks must also pay adequate attention while watching fireworks and take appropriate measures to shield themselves as warranted. This finding of ours concurs with previously reported studies.Citation19,Citation20 On the contrary, the percentage of bystanders was found to be quite high in a study from Nigeria.Citation21
Data from our study suggested that the most common fireworks causing the injury were bangers, followed by rockets placed in bottles.
One of the most dangerous fireworks causing serious injuries include bottle rockets, which can fly erratically and cause major harm to the bystanders. More often the bottles and cans used for launching these rockets explode and shower pieces of glass and metal which could cause serious injuries.Citation22 Mortar-type fireworks were reported as the reason for firework-related injuries in one fourth of the patients as reported by Chang et al.Citation6
Of the clinical diagnosis caused by fireworks injuries, each corneoscleral laceration and traumatic cataract contributed for one third of the total ocular injuries noted in this study. Chang et alCitation6 reported corneal abrasions, hyphema and various eyelid injuries to be the most common ocular injuries. When comparing injuries to the posterior segment of eye, we noted the most common were intraocular foreign body (IOFB) (14.2%) and vitreous hemorrhage (10.3%). The incidence of posterior segment injuries reported in the current study is higher than those reported by Qi et al.Citation16 The higher velocity projectiles could damage deeper ocular structures, and this might be the possible reason for these differences between studies.
It was observed in this study that patients sustaining severe trauma needed multiple interventions along with follow-up for long duration as well as repetitive rehabilitative surgery, even after years of trauma related to fireworks. The corneoscleral repair in one-third of patients was performed within 6 to 48 hours. Reconstruction of eyelids or orbit and cataract surgeries were interventions undertaken over time as elective procedures. Fireworks-related injuries can cause permanent functional or visual disabilities.Citation14,Citation23 Therefore, standard operating procedures to ocular injuries due to fireworks should include early ophthalmic referral and examination for urgent intervention.
In the current study, nearly half of the injured eyes had a normal functional vision post intervention. One third of the eyes had unilateral blindness after intervention compared to nearly half at presentation. Cumulative data suggests that enrolled patients experienced improvement in their visual acuity post treatment, however a significant number of injuries led to permanent visual loss as well. This good outcome in the form of restoration of normal vision was associated with better initial CDVA, closed globe injury, absence of retinal detachment and absence of IOFB. Significant improvement in visual acuity was found to be associated with early intervention.
We further observed that open globe injury and IOFB led to extremely poor visual outcome. Open globe injury, poor initial visual acuity at presentation, IOFB, retinal detachment, and development of endophthalmitis are previously reported risk factors responsible for poor visual outcomes even after interventions following fireworks-related ocular injuries.Citation22,Citation24,Citation25 Patients with open globe injuries and those with retained IOFB carry a guarded prognosis.
Limitations
There are some limitations in our study. This being a retrospective data review, data loss is an inherent limitation. Patients with minor injuries who were treated and discharged quickly were not documented, and hence, we could have underestimated the incidences and over-represented the severity of ocular trauma due to fireworks.
Conclusions
Fireworks usage is associated with preventable ocular injuries. Outcomes of this study could be used as evidence for increasing awareness among public regarding fireworks-related injuries and also develop some public policies for regulating the use of fireworks.Citation26–Citation28 Based on the data of this study, strict implementation of existing laws for the import, production of fireworks and quantity of explosives is advocated. Future prevention campaigns and regulation should include the welfare of bystanders and children, not just those lighting the fireworks. Keeping in view, the poor prognosis for visual function, these injuries deserve proper attention.
Abbreviations
CGI, closed globe injury; OGI, open globe injury; CT, computed tomography; IOFB, intraocular foreign body; CDVA, corrected distance visual acuity; IOL, intraocular lens.
Statement of Ethics
The local ethics committee of the King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital approved the protocol and it adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. The nature of the study and its possible consequences were explained to study participants. All participants have given their written informed consent to participate in this study.
Author Contributions
Both authors made a significant contribution to the work reported, whether that is in the conception, study design, execution, acquisition of data, analysis, and interpretation, or in all these areas; took part in drafting, revising or critically reviewing the article; gave final approval of the version to be published; have agreed on the journal to which the article has been submitted; and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.
Acknowledgment
We would like to thank the research coordinator Mr. Faisal Al Hamidi for his invaluable help in this study.
Disclosure
No conflict of interest was declared by the authors and the authors declared that this study received no financial support. The authors report no financial interests in terms of the presented study.
Additional information
Funding
References
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