516
Views
235
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Controlling Mechanisms of Flame Spread

&
Pages 1-31 | Received 07 Jan 1982, Accepted 04 Nov 1982, Published online: 03 Apr 2007

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (29)

David Morrisset, Rory M. Hadden & Angus Law. (2023) Characterization of Flame Spread Over PMMA Using a Temperature Reconstruction Method. Combustion Science and Technology 195:14, pages 3557-3570.
Read now
Hang Li, Haowei Hu, Jie Ji, Zhenyao Qi & Jingjun Shi. (2023) Experimental Study of the Burning Characteristics of Wood Grilles with Different Porosities. Combustion Science and Technology 0:0, pages 1-19.
Read now
Shuoshuo Zhou, Xiaobin Qi, Jian Gao, Xinyan Huang & Dongke Zhang. (2022) Countercurrent Flame Propagation and Quenching Behaviour in a Packed Bed of Spherical PMMA Beads in an Upward Flow of Pure Oxygen. Combustion Science and Technology 0:0, pages 1-16.
Read now
Wenlong Wang, Jun Fang, Luyao Zhao, Yue Zhang, Jinjun Wang & Yongming Zhang. (2022) Unilateral Blow-Off and Periodic Smoldering Holes in Upward Flame Spread Over Thin Charring Material. Combustion Science and Technology 0:0, pages 1-26.
Read now
Weiguang An, Minglun Cai, Yanhua Tang, Qing Li & Zhe Wang. (2022) Influence of Inclined Angle on Upward Flame Spread over Discrete Extruded Polystyrene Foam. Combustion Science and Technology 194:7, pages 1301-1320.
Read now
Y. Y. Chu & Indrek S. Wichman. (2019) Opposed Flow Flame Spread over Degrading Combustible Solids. Combustion Science and Technology 191:10, pages 1843-1865.
Read now
Subrata Bhattacharjee & Luca Carmignani. (2019) Burn angle in forced and natural convection: a simplified scaling approach. Combustion Theory and Modelling 23:5, pages 956-968.
Read now
Luca Carmignani, Subrata Bhattacharjee, Sandra L. Olson & Paul V. Ferkul. (2018) Boundary Layer Effect on Opposed-Flow Flame Spread and Flame Length over Thin Polymethyl-Methacrylate in Microgravity. Combustion Science and Technology 190:3, pages 535-549.
Read now
Qingsong Wang, Huahua Xiao, Wei Wan, Zhixian Cui, Hongya Zhu & Jinhua Sun. (2018) Flame Spread on Inclined Wood Surfaces: Influence of External Heat Flux and Ambient Oxygen Concentration. Combustion Science and Technology 190:1, pages 97-113.
Read now
Shuangfeng Wang, Suide Wang, Kangcheng Zhu, Yuan Xiao & Zhanbin Lu. (2016) Near Quenching Limit Instabilities of Concurrent Flame Spread over Thin Solid Fuel. Combustion Science and Technology 188:3, pages 451-471.
Read now
Subrata Bhattacharjee, Rohit Nagarkar & Yuji Nakamura. (2014) A Correlation for an Effective Flow Velocity for Capturing the Boundary Layer Effect in Opposed-Flow Flame Spread over Thin Fuels. Combustion Science and Technology 186:8, pages 975-987.
Read now
Vinayak Malhotra, Chenthil Kumar & Amit Kumar. (2013) Opposed flow flame spread over an array of thin solid fuel sheets in a microgravity environment. Combustion Theory and Modelling 17:5, pages 835-857.
Read now
MichaelJ. Gollner, Yanxuan Xie, Minkyu Lee, Yuji Nakamura & AliS. Rangwala. (2012) Burning Behavior of Vertical Matchstick Arrays. Combustion Science and Technology 184:5, pages 585-607.
Read now
Hsin-Yi Shih. (2009) Flame spread and interactions in an array of thin solids in low-speed concurrent flows. Combustion Theory and Modelling 13:3, pages 443-459.
Read now
WEN-KUEI CHANG & CHIUN-HSUN CHEN. (2007) EFFECT OF OPPOSED FLOW ON FLAME SPREAD OVER A FINITE-LENGTH PMMA SLAB IN A TWO-DIMENSIONAL WIND TUNNEL. Combustion Science and Technology 179:12, pages 2489-2510.
Read now
Hsin-Yi Shih & James S T'ien. (2003) A three-dimensional model of steady flame spread over a thin solid in low-speed concurrent flows. Combustion Theory and Modelling 7:4, pages 677-704.
Read now
Tzung-Hsien Lin. (2001) TIME-DEPENDENT MODEL OF A BUOYANT DOWNWARD FLAME SPREAD OVER A THERMALLY THIN SOLID FUEL. Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications 40:8, pages 841-859.
Read now
J.L. CÓRDOVA & A.C. FERNANDEZ-PELLO. (2000) Convection Effects on the Endothermic Gasification and Piloted Ignition of a Radiatively Heated Combustible Solid. Combustion Science and Technology 156:1, pages 271-289.
Read now
F J Higuera. (1999) Downward flame spread along a vertical surface of a thick solid in the thermal regime. Combustion Theory and Modelling 3:1, pages 147-158.
Read now
C. L. YEH, D. K. JOHNSON, K. K. KUO & M. M. MENCH. (1998) Flame-spreading Process over Thin Aluminum Sheets in Oxygen-enriched Environments. Combustion Science and Technology 137:1-6, pages 195-216.
Read now
MASAAKI YASHIMA & TOSHISUKE HIRANO. (1997) Characteristics of Leading Flame Edge on a Moving Combustible Solid Surface∗∗ . Combustion Science and Technology 129:1-6, pages 371-391.
Read now
D. N. SCHILLER, H. D. ROSS & W. A. SIRIGNANO. (1996) Computational Analysis of Flame Spread Across Alcohol Pools. Combustion Science and Technology 118:4-6, pages 203-255.
Read now
R.M. Aseeva & G.E. Zaikov. (1996) Flame Retardancy of Cellular Polymeric Materials. International Journal of Polymeric Materials and Polymeric Biomaterials 31:1-4, pages 237-256.
Read now
Y. H. C CHAO & A. C. FERNANDEZ-PELLO. (1995) Concurrent Horizontal Flame Spread: The Combined Effect of Oxidizer Flow Velocity, Turbulence and Oxygen Concentration. Combustion Science and Technology 110-111:1, pages 19-51.
Read now
P. V. FERKUL & J. S. T'IEN. (1994) A Model of Low-Speed Concurrent Flow Flame Spread Over a Thin Fuel. Combustion Science and Technology 99:4-6, pages 345-370.
Read now
A.C. FERNANDEZ-PELLO. (1994) The Challenge of Fire Prediction. Combustion Science and Technology 98:4-6, pages 281-290.
Read now
S. L. OLSON. (1991) Mechanisms of Microgravity Flame Spread Over a Thin Solid Fuel: Oxygen and Opposed Flow Effects. Combustion Science and Technology 76:4-6, pages 233-249.
Read now
A. C. Fernandez—Pello. (1984) Flame Spread Modeling. Combustion Science and Technology 39:1-6, pages 119-134.
Read now
TOSHISUKE HIRANO, KENJI SATO, YOSHIKO SATO & JUN'ICHI SATO. (1983) Prediction of Metal Fire Spread in High Pressure Oxygen. Combustion Science and Technology 32:1-4, pages 137-159.
Read now

Articles from other publishers (206)

Joseph Burnford, David Morrisset, Anthony O. Ojo, Rory M. Hadden, Angus Law & Brian Peterson. (2024) Assessment and application of phosphor thermometry for spatially resolved surface temperature measurements during downward flame spread. Fuel 365, pages 131201.
Crossref
D. Dunn-Rankin, Y.-C. Chien, T. Ueda & R. Ohmura. (2024) Fiery ice: An overview of methane hydrate combustion. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 101, pages 101111.
Crossref
Caiyi Xiong, Zilong Wang & Xinyan Huang. (2024) Blow-off of diffusion flame by moving air vortex ring. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 151, pages 111059.
Crossref
David Morrisset, Jonathan Reep, Ian Ojwang, Rory M. Hadden & Angus Law. (2024) Repeat Fire Tests of Upholstered Furniture: Variability and Experimental Observations. Fire Technology.
Crossref
Kenneth L. Budzinski & Paul DesJardin. (2024) A Priori Investigation of Coupled Radiative Flamelet Generated Manifolds to Predict Solid Fuel Flame Spread. A Priori Investigation of Coupled Radiative Flamelet Generated Manifolds to Predict Solid Fuel Flame Spread.
David Morrisset, Rory M. Hadden & Angus Law. (2024) Quantifying the controlling mechanisms of opposed flow flame spread: Influence of orientation, material, and external heating. Fire Safety Journal 142, pages 104048.
Crossref
Alankrit Srivastava, Saurav Kumar & Ajay V. Singh. (2024) Heat transfer in wind-driven fires stabilized under a mixed-convective turbulent flow environment. Fire Safety Journal 142, pages 104040.
Crossref
Julian E. Mendez, Martyn S. McLaggan & David Lange. (2024) Upward flame spread behaviour of cladding materials on a medium-scale ventilated façade experimental setup with a single combustible wall. Fire Safety Journal 142, pages 104020.
Crossref
Pascal Zavaleta, Romain Meinier, Sylvain Suard, Rodolphe Sonnier & Laurent Ferry. (2024) Flame Spread Experiments on a Horizontal Preheated Cable Layer. Fire Technology 60:1, pages 641-667.
Crossref
Vinny Gupta, Tony Xiao, Matthew J. Dunn, José L. Torero & Assaad R. Masri. (2023) Leading edge stabilisation of vertical boundary layer diffusion flames. Fire Safety Journal 141, pages 103969.
Crossref
Feng Guo, Nozomu Hashimoto & Osamu Fujita. (2023) Revealing the role of limiting oxygen concentration test for a wick flame in characterizing the liquid fuel flammability. Combustion and Flame 257, pages 113029.
Crossref
Kenneth Budzinski & Paul E. DesJardin. (2023) Radiative flamelet generated manifolds for solid fuel flame spread in microgravity. Combustion and Flame 256, pages 112939.
Crossref
Yan Ding, Isaac T. Leventon & Stanislav I. Stoliarov. (2023) An analysis of the sensitivity of the rate of buoyancy-driven flame spread on a solid material to uncertainties in the pyrolysis and combustion properties. Is accurate prediction possible?. Polymer Degradation and Stability 214, pages 110405.
Crossref
Haowei Hu, Jingjun Shi, Zhenyao Qi, Hang Li & Jie Ji. (2023) Experimental investigations on transient burning characteristics of a butt-jointed wooden wall with horizontal gaps in timber buildings. Fire Safety Journal 136, pages 103751.
Crossref
Isabelle C. Sanders, Nicholas M. Kuenning, Nicolas Q. Minesi, Daniel I. Pineda & R. Mitchell Spearrin. (2023) Methyl methacrylate thermal decomposition: Modeling and laser spectroscopy of species time-histories behind reflected shock waves. Fuel 335, pages 126846.
Crossref
Yuxuan Ma, Longhua Hu, Yajun Huang, Fukai Chu, Xiaolei Zhang, Zhengda Guo, Siyao Jia, Nan Zhu, Yuhang Chen & Yan Gu. (2023) Mechanism of accelerated concurrent flame spread over glass fiber reinforced unsaturated polyester resin composites with ATH/MH retardants under external radiation. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 201, pages 123505.
Crossref
Kenneth L. Budzinski & Paul E. DesJardin. (2023) On the Development of Coupled Radiative Flamelet Generated Manifolds to Predict Solid Fuel Flame Spread in Microgravity. On the Development of Coupled Radiative Flamelet Generated Manifolds to Predict Solid Fuel Flame Spread in Microgravity.
David Morrisset, Rory M. Hadden, Angus Law & Jose L. Torero. (2023) Downward flame spread over PMMA spheres. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 39:3, pages 4155-4164.
Crossref
Yanqiu Chen, Xiankun Wang, Man Yuan, Peng Wang & Junmin Chen. (2022) Effect of Geometry and Dimensions on the Upward Fire Spread in U-Shaped Structures. Fire Technology 59:1, pages 73-93.
Crossref
Peiyi Sun, Yanhui Liu & Xinyan Huang. (2022) Exploring the brachistochrone (shortest-time) path in fire spread. Scientific Reports 12:1.
Crossref
Vasily B. Novozhilov, Boris V. Lidskii & Vladimir S. Posvyanskii. (2022) Different Modes of Combustion Wave on a Lattice Burner. Mathematics 10:15, pages 2731.
Crossref
Xiuqi Xi, José L. Torero & Augustin Guibaud. (2022) Data driven forecast of concurrent flame spread in micro-gravity. Combustion and Flame 241, pages 112078.
Crossref
Xiaoyu Ju, Xingyu Ren, Evan Sluder, Lizhong Yang & Michael J. Gollner. (2022) Flame attachment and downstream heating effect of inclined line fires. Combustion and Flame 240, pages 112004.
Crossref
Chuanjia Wu, Feng Zhu & Shuangfeng Wang. (2022) The controlling mechanisms of horizontal flame spread over thick rods in upward cross flow. Fire Safety Journal 129, pages 103569.
Crossref
Siyao Jia, Longhua Hu, Yuxuan Ma, Xiaolei Zhang & Osamu Fujita. (2022) Experimental study of downward flame spread and extinction over inclined electrical wire under horizontal wind. Combustion and Flame 237, pages 111820.
Crossref
Xuanze He, Jun Fang, Yue Zhang & Luyao Zhao. (2022) Experimental study of flame spread transition from chemistry to heat transfer controlled regime at sub-atmospheric pressure: The effect of sample width. Process Safety and Environmental Protection 158, pages 221-230.
Crossref
Nicholas Kuenning, Isabelle C. Sanders, Tara Mellor, Nicolas Q. Minesi, Daniel I. Pineda & Raymond M. Spearrin. (2022) Kinetics of methyl methacrylate (MMA) combustion assessed by time-resolved speciation behind shock waves. Kinetics of methyl methacrylate (MMA) combustion assessed by time-resolved speciation behind shock waves.
Chris Lautenberger, Jose Torero & Carlos Fernandez-Pello. 2022. Flammability Testing of Materials Used in Construction, Transport and Mining. Flammability Testing of Materials Used in Construction, Transport and Mining 1 22 .
Hanyu Xiong, Xiaolei Zhang & Yuhang Chen. (2021) An experimental study on upward flame spread over corrugated cardboard used in underground logistic transportation: Influence of grain orientation and thickness. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 118, pages 104171.
Crossref
Shaorun Lin, Tsz Him Chow & Xinyan Huang. (2021) Smoldering propagation and blow-off on consolidated fuel under external airflow. Combustion and Flame 234, pages 111685.
Crossref
Maria Thomsen, Carlos Fernandez-Pello, David L. Urban & Gary A. Ruff. (2021) On simulating the effect of gravity on concurrent flame spread over thin paper through variations in ambient pressure. Combustion and Flame 232, pages 111538.
Crossref
Yoshinari Kobayashi, Rikiya Oiwa, Misuzu Tokoro & Shuhei Takahashi. (2021) Buoyant-flow downward flame spread over carbon fiber reinforced plastic in variable oxygen atmospheres. Combustion and Flame 232, pages 111528.
Crossref
Yajun Huang, Longhua Hu, Yuxuan Ma, Nan Zhu, Yuhang Chen, Jonathan Wahlqvist, Margaret Mcnamee & Patrick van Hees. (2021) Experimental study of flame spread over thermally-thin inclined fuel surface and controlling heat transfer mechanism under concurrent wind. International Journal of Thermal Sciences 165, pages 106936.
Crossref
Siddhant S. Aphale & Paul E. DesJardin. (2021) Two-color pyrometry based flame to fuel surface radiative heat flux diagnostic using flamelets. Combustion and Flame 229, pages 111395.
Crossref
Abhinandan Singh & Ajay V. Singh. (2021) Burning behavior of mixed-convection wind-driven flames under varying freestream conditions. Fire Safety Journal 122, pages 103320.
Crossref
Sandra Olson, Osamu Fujita, Masao Kikuchi & Takashi Kashiwagi. (2021) Quantitative infrared image analysis of simultaneous upstream and downstream microgravity flame spread over thermally thin cellulose fuel in low speed forced flow. Combustion and Flame 227, pages 402-420.
Crossref
Giacomo Erez, Anthony Collin, Gilles Parent, Pascal Boulet, Mathieu Suzanne & Aurélien Thiry-Muller. (2021) Measurements and models to characterise flame radiation from multi-scale kerosene fires. Fire Safety Journal 120, pages 103179.
Crossref
Xinyan Huang & Jian Gao. (2021) A review of near-limit opposed fire spread. Fire Safety Journal 120, pages 103141.
Crossref
Chengyao Li & Ya-Ting T. Liao. (2021) Effects of ambient conditions on concurrent-flow flame spread over a wide thin solid in microgravity. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 38:3, pages 4775-4784.
Crossref
Masashi Nagachi, Jean-Marie Citerne, Hugo Dutilleul, Augustin Guibaud, Grunde Jomaas, Guillaume Legros, Nozomu Hashimoto & Osamu Fujita. (2021) Effect of ambient pressure on the extinction limit for opposed flame spread over an electrical wire in microgravity. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 38:3, pages 4767-4774.
Crossref
Luyao Zhao, Jun Fang, Shangqing Tao, Jingwu Wang & Yongming Zhang. (2020) Effects of Ambient Parameters and Sample Width on Upward Flame Spread over Thermally Thin Solids. Fire Technology 57:1, pages 145-161.
Crossref
Yang Zhou, Rongwei Bu, Liang Yi & Jinhua Sun. (2020) Heat transfer mechanism of concurrent flame spread over rigid polyurethane foam: Effect of ambient pressure and inclined angle. International Journal of Thermal Sciences 155, pages 106403.
Crossref
Michael Delichatsios. (2020) Effects of material thickness on ignition times and creeping flame spread in the thermal regime: Theory, analytical solution and experimental justification. Fire Safety Journal 116, pages 103204.
Crossref
Raymond Hajj, Roland El Hage, Rodolphe Sonnier, Belkacem Otazaghine, Sophie Rouif, Michel Nakhl & José-Marie Lopez-Cuesta. (2020) Influence of lignocellulosic substrate and phosphorus flame retardant type on grafting yield and flame retardancy. Reactive and Functional Polymers 153, pages 104612.
Crossref
Zhi Wang & Jian Wang. (2020) A comprehensive study on the flame propagation of the horizontal laboratory wires and flame-retardant cables at different thermal circumstances. Process Safety and Environmental Protection 139, pages 325-333.
Crossref
Shangpeng Li, Qiang Yao, Chung K. Law, Wenkai Liang & Jiankun Zhuo. (2020) Liftoff and blowout of the Emmons flame: Analysis of the triple flame. Combustion and Flame 215, pages 184-192.
Crossref
Kun Zhao, Michael J. Gollner, Qiong Liu, Junhui Gong & Lizhong Yang. (2019) Lateral Flame Spread over PMMA Under Forced Air Flow. Fire Technology 56:2, pages 801-820.
Crossref
L. Carmignani, K. Dong & S. Bhattacharjee. (2019) Radiation from Flames in a Microgravity Environment: Experimental and Numerical Investigations. Fire Technology 56:1, pages 33-47.
Crossref
Sandra L. Olson, David L. Urban, Gary A. Ruff, Paul V. Ferkul, Balazs Toth, Christian Eigenbrod, Florian Meyer & Grunde Jomaas. (2019) Concurrent Flame Spread Over Two-Sided Thick PMMA Slabs in Microgravity. Fire Technology 56:1, pages 49-69.
Crossref
Siddhant S. Aphale & Paul E. DesJardin. (2019) Development of a non-intrusive radiative heat flux measurement for upward flame spread using DSLR camera based two-color pyrometry. Combustion and Flame 210, pages 262-278.
Crossref
Shengfeng Luo, Qiyuan Xie, LiangJun Da & Rong Qiu. (2019) Experimental study on thermal structure inside flame front with a melting layer for downward flame spread of XPS foam. Journal of Hazardous Materials 379, pages 120775.
Crossref
Shengfeng Luo, Qiyuan Xie & Rong Qiu. (2019) Melting and Dripping Flow Behaviors on the Downward Flame Spread of a Wide XPS Foam. Fire Technology 55:6, pages 2055-2086.
Crossref
Gilles Parent, Giacomo Erez, Anthony Collin, Mathieu Suzanne, Aurélien Thiry-Muller, Mathieu Weber, Eddie Faure & Pascal Boulet. (2019) Spectral radiation emitted by kerosene pool fires. Fire Safety Journal 108, pages 102847.
Crossref
Grayson Lange, Luca Carmignani & Subrata Bhattacharjee. (2019) Thermal radiation measurements of downward spreading flames. Applied Thermal Engineering 160, pages 114022.
Crossref
Feng Zhu, Zhanbin Lu, Shuangfeng Wang & Yongli Yin. (2019) Microgravity diffusion flame spread over a thick solid in step-changed low-velocity opposed flows. Combustion and Flame 205, pages 55-67.
Crossref
Xiaoyu Ju, Michael J. Gollner, Yiren Wang, Wei Tang, Kun Zhao, Xingyu Ren & Lizhong Yang. (2019) Downstream radiative and convective heating from methane and propane fires with cross wind. Combustion and Flame 204, pages 1-12.
Crossref
Shangpeng Li, Qiang Yao & Chung K. Law. (2019) The Emmons problem: Role of an impermeable leading segment. Combustion and Flame 203, pages 334-340.
Crossref
Kaiyuan Li & Simo Hostikka. (2019) Embedded flame heat flux method for simulation of quasi-steady state vertical flame spread. Fire Safety Journal 104, pages 117-129.
Crossref
Hui Zhu, Yunji Gao, Rongliang Pan & Bo Zhong. (2019) Spacing effects on downward flame spread over thin PMMA slabs. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 13, pages 100370.
Crossref
Lin Jiang, Zhao Zhao, Wei Tang, Colin Miller, Jin-Hua Sun & Michael J. Gollner. (2019) Flame spread and burning rates through vertical arrays of wooden dowels. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 37:3, pages 3767-3774.
Crossref
Maria Thomsen, Carlos Fernandez-Pello, David L. Urban, Gary A. Ruff & Sandra L. Olson. (2019) On simulating concurrent flame spread in reduced gravity by reducing ambient pressure. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 37:3, pages 3793-3800.
Crossref
David L. Urban, Paul Ferkul, Sandra Olson, Gary A. Ruff, John Easton, James S. T'ien, Ya-Ting T. Liao, Chengyao Li, Carlos Fernandez-Pello, Jose L. Torero, Guillaume Legros, Christian Eigenbrod, Nickolay Smirnov, Osamu Fujita, Sébastien Rouvreau, Balazs Toth & Grunde Jomaas. (2019) Flame spread: Effects of microgravity and scale. Combustion and Flame 199, pages 168-182.
Crossref
Alexander I. Karpov, Oleg P. Korobeinichev, Artem A. Shaklein, Andrey A. Bolkisev, Amit Kumar & Andrey G. Shmakov. (2018) Numerical study of horizontal flame spread over PMMA surface in still air. Applied Thermal Engineering 144, pages 937-944.
Crossref
Chad M. Lannon, Stanislav I. Stoliarov, James M. Lord & Isaac T. Leventon. (2018) A methodology for predicting and comparing the full‐scale fire performance of similar materials based on small‐scale testing. Fire and Materials 42:7, pages 710-724.
Crossref
Sarzina Hossain, Indrek S. Wichman, George W. Sidebotham, Sandra L. Olson & Fletcher J. Miller. (2018) Influence of gap height and flow field on global stoichiometry and heat losses during opposed flow flame spread over thin fuels in simulated microgravity. Combustion and Flame 193, pages 133-144.
Crossref
Zhu Hui, Zhu Guoqing, Gao Yunji & Hu Zhongri. (2017) Dripping behavior of vertical burning thermally thin PMMA with different spacings to wall. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 31:5, pages 616-633.
Crossref
Kun Zhao, Xiaodong Zhou, Xueqiang Liu, Wei Tang, Michael Gollner, Fei Peng & Lizhong Yang. (2018) Experimental and theoretical study on downward flame spread over uninhibited PMMA slabs under different pressure environments. Applied Thermal Engineering 136, pages 1-8.
Crossref
Chunmiao Yuan, Jingzhi Cai, Paul Amyotte, Chang Li, Yajie Bu, Kangfu Liu & Gang Li. (2018) Fire hazard of titanium powder layers mixed with inert nano TiO2 powder. Journal of Hazardous Materials 346, pages 19-26.
Crossref
Michael J. Gollner, Colin H. Miller, Wei Tang & Ajay V. Singh. (2017) The effect of flow and geometry on concurrent flame spread. Fire Safety Journal 91, pages 68-78.
Crossref
Shengfeng Luo, Qiyuan Xie, Xinyi Tang, Rong Qiu & Yun Yang. (2017) A quantitative model and the experimental evaluation of the liquid fuel layer for the downward flame spread of XPS foam. Journal of Hazardous Materials 329, pages 30-37.
Crossref
Isaac T. Leventon, Kevin T. Korver & Stanislav I. Stoliarov. (2017) A generalized model of flame to surface heat feedback for laminar wall flames. Combustion and Flame 179, pages 338-353.
Crossref
Sumit Sarma, Aritra Chakraborty, N.M. Manu, T.M. Muruganandam, Vasudevan Raghavan & Satyanarayanan R. Chakravarthy. (2017) Spatio-temporal structure of vertically spreading flame over non-planar PMMA surfaces. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 36:2, pages 3027-3035.
Crossref
Wei Tang, Colin H. Miller & Michael J. Gollner. (2017) Local flame attachment and heat fluxes in wind-driven line fires. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 36:2, pages 3253-3261.
Crossref
M. N. Kiran Kumar & Amit Kumar. 2017. Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Power – Contemporary Research. Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Power – Contemporary Research 551 558 .
Kun Zhao, Xiao-Dong Zhou, Xue-Qiang Liu, Lei Lu, Zhi-Bo Wu, Fei Peng, Xiao-Yu Ju & Li-Zhong Yang. (2016) Prediction of Three-Dimensional Downward Flame Spread Characteristics over Poly(methyl methacrylate) Slabs in Different Pressure Environments. Materials 9:11, pages 948.
Crossref
Subrata Bhattacharjee, Matthew Laue, Luca Carmignani, Paul Ferkul & Sandra Olson. (2016) Opposed-flow flame spread: A comparison of microgravity and normal gravity experiments to establish the thermal regime. Fire Safety Journal 79, pages 111-118.
Crossref
Mohammed M. Khan, Archibald Tewarson & Marcos Chaos. 2016. SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering. SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering 1143 1232 .
Yuji Hasemi. 2016. SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering. SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering 705 723 .
Isaac T. Leventon, Jing Li & Stanislav I. Stoliarov. (2015) A flame spread simulation based on a comprehensive solid pyrolysis model coupled with a detailed empirical flame structure representation. Combustion and Flame 162:10, pages 3884-3895.
Crossref
Xinjie Huang, Wei Liu, Jie Zhao, Ying Zhang & Jinhua Sun. (2015) Experimental study of altitude and orientation effects on heat transfer over polystyrene insulation material. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 122:1, pages 281-293.
Crossref
Kun Zhao, Xiaodong Zhou, Lizhong Yang, Junhui Gong, Zhibo Wu, Zufei Huan & Xueqiang Liu. (2014) Width effects on downward flame spread over poly(methyl methacrylate) sheets. Journal of Fire Sciences 33:1, pages 69-84.
Crossref
Andres F. Osorio, Ken Mizutani, Carlos Fernandez-Pello & Osamu Fujita. (2015) Microgravity flammability limits of ETFE insulated wires exposed to external radiation. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 35:3, pages 2683-2689.
Crossref
Osamu Fujita. (2015) Solid combustion research in microgravity as a basis of fire safety in space. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 35:3, pages 2487-2502.
Crossref
Subrata Bhattacharjee, Wynn Tran, Matthew Laue, Christopher Paolini & Yuji Nakamura. (2015) Experimental validation of a correlation capturing the boundary layer effect on spread rate in the kinetic regime of opposed-flow flame spread. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 35:3, pages 2631-2638.
Crossref
Irvin Glassman, Richard A. Yetter & Nick G. Glumac. 2015. Combustion. Combustion 147 254 .
Lin Jiang, Huahua Xiao, Yang Zhou, Weiguang An, Weigang Yan, Jiajia He & Jinhua Sun. (2013) Theoretical and experimental study of width effects on horizontal flame spread over extruded and expanded polystyrene foam surfaces. Journal of Fire Sciences 32:3, pages 193-209.
Crossref
Stanislav I. Stoliarov, Isaac T. Leventon & Richard E. Lyon. (2013) Two‐dimensional model of burning for pyrolyzable solids. Fire and Materials 38:3, pages 391-408.
Crossref
Yukinobu Yoshida, Akihiko Ito & Hiroyuki Torikai. (2014) Finite Size Scaling of Flame Spread along Randomly Distributed Combustible Cubes. Open Journal of Safety Science and Technology 04:03, pages 136-144.
Crossref
Yan-ming Ding, Chang-jian Wang & Shou-xiang Lu. (2014) Large Eddy Simulation of Fire Spread. Procedia Engineering 71, pages 537-543.
Crossref
Indrek S. Wichman, Sandra L. Olson, Fletcher J. Miller & Stefanus A. Tanaya. (2012) Experimental evaluation of flame and flamelet spread over cellulosic materials using the narrow channel apparatus. Fire and Materials 37:7, pages 503-519.
Crossref
Jafar Zanganeh, Behdad Moghtaderi & Hiroki Ishida. (2013) Combustion and flame spread on fuel-soaked porous solids. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 39:4, pages 320-339.
Crossref
José L. Torero. (2013) Scaling-Up fire. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 34:1, pages 99-124.
Crossref
Damien Hebert, Alexis Coppalle & Martine Talbaut. (2013) 2D soot concentration and burning rate of a vertical PMMA slab using Laser-Induced Incandescence. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 34:2, pages 2575-2582.
Crossref
Isaac T. Leventon & Stanislav I. Stoliarov. (2013) Evolution of flame to surface heat flux during upward flame spread on poly(methyl methacrylate). Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 34:2, pages 2523-2530.
Crossref
Yong Wang, Jinder Jow, Kenny Su & Jun Zhang. (2012) Development of the unsteady upward fire model to simulate polymer burning under UL94 vertical test conditions. Fire Safety Journal 54, pages 1-13.
Crossref
Vinayak Malhotra & Amit Kumar. (2012) Effect of gas phase heat sink on suppression of downward flame spread over thin solid fuels. International Journal of Advances in Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics 4:3, pages 138-151.
Crossref
Annette Naumann, Henrik Seefeldt, Ina Stephan, Ulrike Braun & Matthias Noll. (2012) Material resistance of flame retarded wood-plastic composites against fire and fungal decay. Polymer Degradation and Stability 97:7, pages 1189-1196.
Crossref
Tsuneyoshi Matsuoka, Shota Murakami & Harunori Nagata. (2012) Transition characteristics of combustion modes for flame spread in solid fuel tube. Combustion and Flame 159:7, pages 2466-2473.
Crossref
Vinayak Malhotra, Chenthil Kumar & Amit Kumar. (2012) Effect of Gas Phase Heat Sink on Suppression of Opposed Flow Flame Spread over Thin Solid Fuels in Microgravity Environment. Journal of Combustion 2012, pages 1-13.
Crossref
. 2012. Lees' Loss Prevention in the Process Industries. Lees' Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 3129 3580 .
Dougal Drysdale. 2011. An Introduction to Fire Dynamics. An Introduction to Fire Dynamics 475 526 .
K.J. Overholt, M.J. Gollner, J. Perricone, A.S. Rangwala & F.A. Williams. (2011) Warehouse commodity classification from fundamental principles. Part II: Flame heights and flame spread. Fire Safety Journal 46:6, pages 317-329.
Crossref
M.J. Gollner, F.A. Williams & A.S. Rangwala. (2011) Upward flame spread over corrugated cardboard. Combustion and Flame 158:7, pages 1404-1412.
Crossref
Yukito Watanabe, Hiroyuki Torikai & Akihiko Ito. (2011) Flame spread along a thin solid randomly distributed combustible and noncombustible areas. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 33:2, pages 2449-2455.
Crossref
Kazuhiro Yamamoto, Yoshinori Ogata & Hiroshi Yamashita. (2011) Flame structure and flame spread rate over a solid fuel in partially premixed atmospheres. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 33:2, pages 2441-2448.
Crossref
Jose Torero & Guillermo Rein. 2009. Fire Retardancy of Polymeric Materials, Second Edition. Fire Retardancy of Polymeric Materials, Second Edition 43 73 .
Yang Long & Indrek S. Wichman. (2009) Theoretical and numerical analysis of a spreading opposed-flow diffusion flame. Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 465:2110, pages 3209-3238.
Crossref
J.T. Yang, F.C. Hsiao & Y.C. Lin. (2009) Transient flame spread during convective ignition of solid fuel in a sudden-expansion combustor. Combustion and Flame 156:10, pages 1917-1925.
Crossref
Yuki Nakamura, Ryoji Katsuki, Takeshi Yokomori, Ryo Ohmura, Masahiro Takahashi, Toru Iwasaki, Kazuo Uchida & Toshihisa Ueda. (2009) Combustion Characteristics of Methane Hydrate in a Laminar Boundary Layer. Energy & Fuels 23:3, pages 1445-1449.
Crossref
Mojtaba Mamourian, Javad EsfahaniA.A. & Mohammad AyaniB.B.. (2009) Experimental and scale up study of the flame spread over the PMMA sheets. Thermal Science 13:1, pages 79-88.
Crossref
Hsin-Yi ShihHong-Chih Wu. (2008) An Experimental Study of Upward Flame Spread and Interactions Over Multiple Solid Fuels. Journal of Fire Sciences 26:5, pages 435-453.
Crossref
Jing-Tang Yang, Fu-Chou Hsiao & Yu-Chun Lin. (2008) A Study of Flame Spread Over Convectively Ignited Solid Fuel in a Sudden-Expansion Combustor. A Study of Flame Spread Over Convectively Ignited Solid Fuel in a Sudden-Expansion Combustor.
N. A. Khalturinskii & T. A. Rudakova. (2008) Physical aspects of polymer combustion and the inhibition mechanism. Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry B 2:3, pages 480-490.
Crossref
Ali S. Rangwala, Steven G. Buckley & José L. Torero. (2008) Analysis of the constant B-number assumption while modeling flame spread. Combustion and Flame 152:3, pages 401-414.
Crossref
Irvin Glassman & Richard A. Yetter. 2008. Combustion. Combustion 147 260 .
J.L. Consalvi, Y. Pizzo, B. Porterie & J.L. Torero. (2007) On the flame height definition for upward flame spread. Fire Safety Journal 42:5, pages 384-392.
Crossref
Fumiaki Takahashi & Viswanath Katta. (2007) Stabilization and Suppression of Axisymmetric Diffusion Flames. Stabilization and Suppression of Axisymmetric Diffusion Flames.
Peng Chen, Jinhua SunXuechao He. (2016) Behavior of Flame Spread Downward over Thick Wood Sheets and Heat Transfer Analysis. Journal of Fire Sciences 25:1, pages 5-21.
Crossref
S.F. Son, B.W. Asay, E.M. Whitney & H.L. Berghout. (2007) Flame spread across surfaces of PBX 9501. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 31:2, pages 2063-2070.
Crossref
Yang Long, Saeed Jahangirian & Indrek S. Wichman. (2006) Flame-Surface Interaction and Flamelet Microstructure Over Single and Multiple Solid Fuel Segments in a Channel Cross Flow. Flame-Surface Interaction and Flamelet Microstructure Over Single and Multiple Solid Fuel Segments in a Channel Cross Flow.
M.B. Ayani, J.A. Esfahani & R. Mehrabian. (2006) Downward flame spread over PMMA sheets in quiescent air: Experimental and theoretical studies. Fire Safety Journal 41:2, pages 164-169.
Crossref
C LAUTENBERGER, J TORERO & C FERNANDEZ-PELLO. 2006. Flammability Testing of Materials Used in Construction, Transport and Mining. Flammability Testing of Materials Used in Construction, Transport and Mining 1 21 .
Akihiko Ito, Yuji Kudo & Hiroyuki Oyama. (2005) Propagation and extinction mechanisms of opposed-flow flame spread over PMMA for different sample orientations. Combustion and Flame 142:4, pages 428-437.
Crossref
. 2005. Lees' Loss Prevention in the Process Industries. Lees' Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 101 150 .
Indrek S. Wichman. (2003) Material flammability, combustion, toxicity and fire hazard in transportation. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 29:3, pages 247-299.
Crossref
Yuji Kudo & Akihiko Ito. (2002) Propagation and extinction mechanisms of opposed-flow flame spread over PMMA. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 29:1, pages 237-243.
Crossref
Toshisuke Hirano. (2002) Combustion science for safety. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 29:1, pages 167-180.
Crossref
Tong-Miin Liou. (2001) Some applications of experimental and numerical visualization in fluid flow, heat transfer, and combustion. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 25:6, pages 359-375.
Crossref
Paul Ferkul, Julie Kleinhenz, James T'ien, Kurt Sacksteder & Hsin-Yi Shih. (2001) Solid Inflammability Boundary at Low Speed (SIBAL). Solid Inflammability Boundary at Low Speed (SIBAL).
Guanyu Zheng, Indrek S. Wichman & André Bénard. (2001) Opposed-flow flame spread over polymeric materials: influence of phase change. Combustion and Flame 124:3, pages 387-408.
Crossref
Haeyoung Lee, Laehyun Kim, Mark Meyer & Mathieu Desbrun. 2001. Computer Animation and Simulation 2001. Computer Animation and Simulation 2001 75 84 .
Archibald Tewarson, Mohammed Khan, Peter K. Wu & Robert G. Bill. (2001) Flammability evaluation of clean room polymeric materials for the semiconductor industry. Fire and Materials 25:1, pages 31-42.
Crossref
M.A Azhakesan, T.J Shields & G.W.H Silcock. (2000) On the nature, influence and magnitudes of flame heat transfer during surface flame spread. Fire Safety Journal 35:3, pages 189-222.
Crossref
A. A. Korzhavin, V. A. Bunev, I. G. Namyatov & V. S. Babkin. (2000) Flame spread over liquid fuel films on metallic substrates. Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves 36:3, pages 304-309.
Crossref
Vedha Nayagam & Kurt Sacksteder. (2000) Microgravity combustion phenomena. Microgravity combustion phenomena.
G. Tashtoush, K. Saito, C. Cremers, T. Konishi & A. Ito. (2000) Measurement Of A 3-D (Gas And Liquid) Flow Structures Generated By A Spreading Flame Over N-butanol. Fire Safety Science 6, pages 753-764.
Crossref
Subrata Bhattachariee, Matthew D. King, Shuhei Takahashi, Takeshi Nagumo & Kazunori Wakai. (2000) Downward flame spread over poly(methyl)methacrylate. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 28:2, pages 2891-2897.
Crossref
Michael A. Delichatsios, Robert A. Altenkirch, Matthew F. Bundy, Subrata Bhattacharjee, Lin Tang & Kurt Sacksteder. (2000) Creeping flame spread along fuel cylinders in forced and natural flows and microgravity. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 28:2, pages 2835-2842.
Crossref
Linton K. Honda & Paul D. Ronney. (2000) Mechanisms of concurrent-flow flame spread over solid fuel beds. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 28:2, pages 2793-2801.
Crossref
Hsin-Yi Shih & James S. Tien. (2000) Modeling concurrent flame spread over a thin solid in a low-speed flow tunnel. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 28:2, pages 2777-2784.
Crossref
J.M. Tizón, J.J. Salvá & A. Liñán. (1999) Wind-aided flame spread under oblique forced flow. Combustion and Flame 119:1-2, pages 41-55.
Crossref
I.S. Wichman, Z. Pavlova, B. Ramadan & G. Qin. (1999) Heat flux from a diffusion flame leading edge to an adjacent surface. Combustion and Flame 118:4, pages 651-668.
Crossref
F. Jia, E.R. Galea & M.K. Patel. (1999) The numerical simulation of the noncharring pyrolysis process and fire development within a compartment. Applied Mathematical Modelling 23:8, pages 587-607.
Crossref
J.H. Wang & Christopher Y.H. Chao. (2016) Flame Spread Over Solid Surface Coated with a Layer of Noncombustible Porous Material. Journal of Fire Sciences 17:4, pages 307-328.
Crossref
M.Katherine Wolverton, Robert A. Altenkirch & Lin Tang. (1999) Implementing multi-step chemical kinetics models in opposed-flow flame spread over cellulose and a comparison to single-step chemistry. Combustion and Flame 118:1-2, pages 281-292.
Crossref
Yonggang Chen, Vahid Motevalli, Michael A. Delichatsios & Patricia A. Tatem. (1998) Prediction of horizontal flame spread using a theoretical and experimental approach. Symposium (International) on Combustion 27:2, pages 2797-2805.
Crossref
Sergey Rybanin. (1998) The structure and spread limits of a diffusion flame over thin solid fuel. Symposium (International) on Combustion 27:2, pages 2791-2796.
Crossref
L. Gao, R. Dobashi & T. Hirano. (1997) Flame Spread Over A Cellulose Sheet Permeated With An Adhesive. Fire Safety Science 5, pages 357-366.
Crossref
C. Qian & K. Saito. (1997) An Empirical Model For Upward Flame Spread Over Vertical Flat And Corner Walls. Fire Safety Science 5, pages 285-296.
Crossref
Alexander G. Merzhanov, William A. Sirignano & Luigi De Luca. 1997. Advances in Combustion Science: In Honor of Ya. B. Zel'dovich. Advances in Combustion Science: In Honor of Ya. B. Zel'dovich 131 144 .
Nedunchezhian Swaminathan & Shankar Mahalingam. (1996) Effects of shear and strain on temporal evolution of laminar diffusion flames. AIAA Journal 34:1, pages 89-95.
Crossref
Jing-Tang Yang & Cliff Y. Y. Wu. (1995) Controlling mechanisms of ignition of solid fuel in a sudden-expansion combustor. Journal of Propulsion and Power 11:3, pages 483-488.
Crossref
George Grant & Dougal Drysdale. (1995) Numerical modelling of early flame spread in warehouse fires. Fire Safety Journal 24:3, pages 247-278.
Crossref
Colomba Di Blasi. (1995) Predictions of wind-opposed flame spread rates and energy feedback analysis for charring solids in a microgravity environment. Combustion and Flame 100:1-2, pages 332-340.
Crossref
Cheng Qian, Hiroki Ishida & Kozo Saito. (1994) Upward flame spread along PMMA vertical corner walls Part II: Mechanism of “M” shape pyrolysis front formation. Combustion and Flame 99:2, pages 331-338.
Crossref
Jing-Tang Yang, Cliff Yuh-Yih Wu & Shih-Jer Din. (1994) Ignition transient of a polymethylmethacrylate slab in a sudden-expansion combustor. Combustion and Flame 98:3, pages 300-308.
Crossref
Colomba Di Blasi. (1994) Processes of flames spreading over the surface of charring fuels: Effects of the solid thickness. Combustion and Flame 97:2, pages 225-239.
Crossref
K. Sato, K. Suzuki, Y. Sakai & S. Sega. (1994) Effects Of Flame Retardant On The Behavior And Temperature Profiles Of Flames Spreading Over Paper. Fire Safety Science 4, pages 503-514.
Crossref
T. Suzuki, B. Sucahyo, M. Kawamata & T. Hirano. (1994) Polyurethane Foam Smoldering Supported By External Heating. Fire Safety Science 4, pages 397-408.
Crossref
A. Karpov & V. Bulgakov. (1994) Prediction Of The Steady Rate Of Flame Spread Over Combustible Materials. Fire Safety Science 4, pages 373-384.
Crossref
T. Suzuki & T. Hirano. (1994) Effects Of Gasification Properties Of A Combustible On Flame Spread Over Its Surface. Fire Safety Science 4, pages 361-371.
Crossref
Kurt R. Sacksteder & James S. Tien. (1994) Buoyant downward diffusion flame spread and extinction in partial-gravity accelerations. Symposium (International) on Combustion 25:1, pages 1685-1692.
Crossref
Takashi Kashiwagi. (1994) Polymer combustion and flammability—Role of the condensed phase. Symposium (International) on Combustion 25:1, pages 1423-1437.
Crossref
C.K. Law & G.M. Faeth. (1994) Opportunities and challenges of combustion in microgravity. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 20:1, pages 65-113.
Crossref
Howard D. Ross. (1994) Ignition of and flame spread over laboratory-scale pools of pure liquid fuels. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 20:1, pages 17-63.
Crossref
T. Hirano & K. Saito. (1994) Fire spread phenomena: The role of observation in experiment. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 20:6, pages 461-485.
Crossref
Philip Thomas. (2004) Comments on the heat transfer in opposed flow flame spread. Fire and Materials 17:3, pages 150-151.
Crossref
KURT SACKSTEDER & JAMES TIEN. (1993) Downward diffusion flame spread and extinction in variable gravitational fields - Lunar and Martian simulations. Downward diffusion flame spread and extinction in variable gravitational fields - Lunar and Martian simulations.
Colomba Di Blasi. (1993) Modeling and simulation of combustion processes of charring and non-charring solid fuels. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 19:1, pages 71-104.
Crossref
L. Zhou & A.C. Fernandez-Pello. (1993) Turbulent, concurrent, ceiling flame spread: The effect of buoyancy. Combustion and Flame 92:1-2, pages 45-59.
Crossref
A. Tewarson & S.D. Ogden. (1992) Fire behavior of polymethylmethacrylate. Combustion and Flame 89:3-4, pages 237-259.
Crossref

Displaying 200 of 235 citing articles. Use the download link below to view the full list of citing articles.

Download full citations list

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.