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Original Articles

On The Refractive Index of Soot at Flame Temperature

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Pages 261-274 | Received 29 Jul 1987, Published online: 06 Apr 2007

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (8)

Magín Lapuerta, Sofía González-Correa, Rosario Ballesteros, Francisco Cereceda-Balic & Hans Moosmüller. (2022) Albedo reduction for snow surfaces contaminated with soot aerosols: Comparison of experimental results and models. Aerosol Science and Technology 56:9, pages 847-858.
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K. O. Johansson, F. El Gabaly, P. E. Schrader, M. F. Campbell & H. A. Michelsen. (2017) Evolution of maturity levels of the particle surface and bulk during soot growth and oxidation in a flame. Aerosol Science and Technology 51:12, pages 1333-1344.
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A. FUENTES*S. ROUVREAU, P. JOULAIN, J.-P. Vantelon, G. LEGROS, J. L. TORERO & A. C. FERNANDEZ-PELLO. (2007) SOOTING BEHAVIOR DYNAMICS OF A NON-BUOYANT LAMINAR DIFFUSION FLAME. Combustion Science and Technology 179:1-2, pages 3-19.
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GUILLAUME LEGROS, PIERRE JOULAIN, JEAN-PIERRE VANTELON, ANDRES FUENTES, DENIS BERTHEAU & JOSEL. TORERO. (2006) SOOT VOLUME FRACTION MEASUREMENTS IN A THREE-DIMENSIONAL LAMINAR DIFFUSION FLAME ESTABLISHED IN MICROGRAVITY. Combustion Science and Technology 178:5, pages 813-835.
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Tami C. Bond & RobertW. Bergstrom. (2006) Light Absorption by Carbonaceous Particles: An Investigative Review. Aerosol Science and Technology 40:1, pages 27-67.
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C. BEATRICE, C. BERTOLI, N. C. CIRILLO, N. DEL GIACOMO & S. DI STASIO. (1995) Two-Colour Pyrometry Measurements of Soot Loading in a Diesel Engine Burning Model Fuels of Varying Quality. Combustion Science and Technology 110-111:1, pages 321-339.
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Y. R. SIVATHANU & J. P. GORE. (1991) Simultaneous Multiline Emission Absorption Measurements in Optically Thick Turbulent Flames. Combustion Science and Technology 80:1-3, pages 1-21.
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N. LHUISSIER, G. GOUESBET & M. E. WEILL. (1989) Extensive Measurements on Soot Particles in Laminar Premixed Flames by Quasi Elastic Light Scattering Spectroscopy. Combustion Science and Technology 67:1-3, pages 17-36.
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Articles from other publishers (76)

Fengshan Liu, Jean-Louis Consalvi & Fatiha Nmira. (2023) The importance of accurately modelling soot and radiation coupling in laminar and laboratory-scale turbulent diffusion flames. Combustion and Flame 258, pages 112573.
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Romain Lemaire & Sébastien Menanteau. (2023) Study of the wavelength dependence of the absorption function of diesel soot by LII modeling integrating the effect of multiple scattering within aggregates. Applied Physics B 129:5.
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Ashley J. Saltzman, Alex D. Brown, Kevin Wan, Julien L. Manin, Lyle M. Pickett, Marc C. Welliver & Daniel R. Guildenbecher. (2023) Extinction Imaging Diagnostics for In Situ Quantification of Soot within Explosively Generated Fireballs. Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 48:3.
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K.P. Geigle, F. Migliorini, J. Yon & G.J. Smallwood. 2023. Optical Diagnostics for Reacting and Non-Reacting Flows: Theory and Practice. Optical Diagnostics for Reacting and Non-Reacting Flows: Theory and Practice 633 776 .
Yizhi Huang, Md Moinul Hossain, Xun Cao, Biao Zhang, Jian Li & Chuanlong Xu. (2023) A simultaneous measurement technique for soot temperature and volume fraction of sooting flames considering self-absorption through hyperspectral imaging. Optics and Lasers in Engineering 160, pages 107285.
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Chun Lou, Zhicong Li, Yindi Zhang & Benjamin M. Kumfer. (2021) Soot formation characteristics in laminar coflow flames with application to oxy-combustion. Combustion and Flame 227, pages 371-383.
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Kevin Wan, Xian Shi & Hai Wang. (2021) Quantum confinement and size resolved modeling of electronic and optical properties of small soot particles. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 38:1, pages 1517-1524.
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Hope A. Michelsen, Meredith B. Colket, Per-Erik Bengtsson, Andrea D’Anna, Pascale Desgroux, Brian S. Haynes, J. Houston Miller, Graham J. Nathan, Heinz Pitsch & Hai Wang. (2020) A Review of Terminology Used to Describe Soot Formation and Evolution under Combustion and Pyrolytic Conditions. ACS Nano 14:10, pages 12470-12490.
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Petr Chylek, James E. Lee, Dian E. Romonosky, Francesca Gallo, Sijia Lou, Manish Shrivastava, Christian M. Carrico, Allison C. Aiken & Manvendra K. Dubey. (2019) Mie Scattering Captures Observed Optical Properties of Ambient Biomass Burning Plumes Assuming Uniform Black, Brown, and Organic Carbon Mixtures. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 124:21, pages 11406-11427.
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Fuwu Yan, Mengxiang Zhou, Lei Xu, Yu Wang & Suk Ho Chung. (2019) An experimental study on the spectral dependence of light extinction in sooting ethylene counterflow diffusion flames. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 100, pages 259-270.
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Eric W. Mitchell, Matthew S. Hoehler, Fabrizio R. Giorgetta, Torrey Hayden, Gregory B. Rieker, Nathan R. Newbury & Esther Baumann. (2018) Coherent laser ranging for precision imaging through flames. Optica 5:8, pages 988.
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Yngve Ögren, Alexey Sepman, Zhechao Qu, Florian M. Schmidt & Henrik Wiinikka. (2017) Comparison of Measurement Techniques for Temperature and Soot Concentration in Premixed, Small-Scale Burner Flames. Energy & Fuels 31:10, pages 11328-11336.
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T. A. Sipkens & K. J. Daun. (2017) Defining regimes and analytical expressions for fluence curves in pulsed laser heating of aerosolized nanoparticles. Optics Express 25:5, pages 5684.
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H.A. Michelsen. (2017) Probing soot formation, chemical and physical evolution, and oxidation: A review of in situ diagnostic techniques and needs. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 36:1, pages 717-735.
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A. Bescond, J. Yon, F.-X. Ouf, C. Rozé, A. Coppalle, P. Parent, D. Ferry & C. Laffon. (2016) Soot optical properties determined by analyzing extinction spectra in the visible near-UV: Toward an optical speciation according to constituents and structure. Journal of Aerosol Science 101, pages 118-132.
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Young Jo Baik, Terki Hong, Cheol Hong Hwang & Seul Hyun Park. (2016) Performance Evaluation of Low-cost Optical Components used for Measuring the Optical Density and Concentration of Particulate Matter(PM). Journal of the Korean Society of Safety 31:5, pages 1-6.
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H.A. Michelsen, C. Schulz, G.J. Smallwood & S. Will. (2015) Laser-induced incandescence: Particulate diagnostics for combustion, atmospheric, and industrial applications. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 51, pages 2-48.
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Ray P. Bambha & Hope A. Michelsen. (2015) Effects of aggregate morphology and size on laser-induced incandescence and scattering from black carbon (mature soot). Journal of Aerosol Science 88, pages 159-181.
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M. Saffaripour, K.-P. Geigle, D. R. Snelling, G. J. Smallwood & K. A. Thomson. (2015) Influence of rapid laser heating on the optical properties of in-flame soot. Applied Physics B 119:4, pages 621-642.
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Romain Lemaire & Mohammed Mobtil. (2015) Modeling laser-induced incandescence of soot: a new approach based on the use of inverse techniques. Applied Physics B 119:4, pages 577-606.
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M.A. Hadjipanayis, F. Beyrau, R.P. Lindstedt, G. Atkinson & L. Cusco. (2015) Thermal radiation from vapour cloud explosions. Process Safety and Environmental Protection 94, pages 517-527.
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Juan Luis Guerrero-Rascado, Renata Facundes da Costa, Andrés Esteban Bedoya, Roberto Guardani, Lucas Alados-Arboledas, Álvaro Efrain Bastidas & Eduardo Landulfo. (2014) Multispectral elastic scanning lidar for industrial flare research: characterizing the electronic subsystem and application. Optics Express 22:25, pages 31063.
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Xerxes López-Yglesias, Paul E. Schrader & Hope A. Michelsen. (2014) Soot maturity and absorption cross sections. Journal of Aerosol Science 75, pages 43-64.
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S. Bejaoui, R. Lemaire, P. Desgroux & E. Therssen. (2013) Experimental study of the E(m, λ)/E(m, 1064) ratio as a function of wavelength, fuel type, height above the burner and temperature. Applied Physics B 116:2, pages 313-323.
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Fabien Goulay, Paul E. Schrader, Xerxes López-Yglesias & Hope A. Michelsen. (2013) A data set for validation of models of laser-induced incandescence from soot: temporal profiles of LII signal and particle temperature. Applied Physics B 112:3, pages 287-306.
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S Le Foll, F André, A Delmas, J M Bouilly & Y Aspa. (2012) Radiative transfer modelling inside thermal protection system using hybrid homogenization method for a backward Monte Carlo method coupled with Mie theory. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 369, pages 012028.
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J. Yon, R. Lemaire, E. Therssen, P. Desgroux, A. Coppalle & K. F. Ren. (2011) Examination of wavelength dependent soot optical properties of diesel and diesel/rapeseed methyl ester mixture by extinction spectra analysis and LII measurements. Applied Physics B 104:2, pages 253-271.
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G. Cléon, T. Amodeo, A. Faccinetto & P. Desgroux. (2011) Laser induced incandescence determination of the ratio of the soot absorption functions at 532 nm and 1064 nm in the nucleation zone of a low pressure premixed sooting flame. Applied Physics B 104:2, pages 297-305.
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L. S. Mayboudi, A. M. Birk, G. Zak & P. J. Bates. (2010) Finite volume model for laser-soot interaction for a laser transmission welding process. Journal of Laser Applications 22:1, pages 22-28.
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Layla S. Mayboudi, A. Michael Birk, Gene Zak & Philip J. Bates. (2008) A finite volume model for laser-soot interaction for a laser transmission welding process. A finite volume model for laser-soot interaction for a laser transmission welding process.
A. Fuentes, G. Legros, H. El-Rabii, J.-P. Vantelon, P. Joulain & J. L. Torero. (2007) Laser-induced incandescence calibration in a three-dimensional laminar diffusion flame. Experiments in Fluids 43:6, pages 939-948.
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Işıl Ayrancı, Rodolphe Vaillon, Nevin Selçuk, Frédéric André & Dany Escudié. (2007) Determination of soot temperature, volume fraction and refractive index from flame emission spectrometry. Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer 104:2, pages 266-276.
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Douglas Feikema, W. KimY. Sivathanu. (2007) A Small Angle Scattering Sensor System for the Characterization of Combustion Generated Particulate. A Small Angle Scattering Sensor System for the Characterization of Combustion Generated Particulate.
Jean-Luc Dupuy, Philippe Vachet, Joël Maréchal, Juan Meléndez & Antonio J. de Castro. (2007) Thermal infrared emission - transmission measurements in flames from a cylindrical forest fuel burner. International Journal of Wildland Fire 16:3, pages 324.
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Daniel Mackowski, Robert A. Reed & Ben W. Hartsfield. (2006) Enhanced Long-Wavelength Infared Extinction from Soot Agglomerates. Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 20:4, pages 919-921.
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S. De Iuliis, F. Migliorini, F. Cignoli & G. Zizak. (2006) Peak soot temperature in laser-induced incandescence measurements. Applied Physics B 83:3, pages 397-402.
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John F. Widmann, Jason Duchez, Jiann C. Yang, Joseph M. Conny & George W. Mulholland. (2005) Measurement of the optical extinction coefficient of combustion-generated aerosol. Journal of Aerosol Science 36:2, pages 283-289.
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Jinyu Zhu, Andrea Irrera, Mun Young Choi, George W Mulholland, Jill Suo-Anttila & Louis A Gritzo. (2004) Measurement of light extinction constant of JP-8 soot in the visible and near-infrared spectrum. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 47:17-18, pages 3643-3648.
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J.F. Widmann, J.C. Yang, T.J. Smith, S.L. Manzello & G.W. Mulholland. (2003) Measurement of the optical extinction coefficients of post-flame soot in the infrared. Combustion and Flame 134:1-2, pages 119-129.
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H. A. Michelsen. (2003) Understanding and predicting the temporal response of laser-induced incandescence from carbonaceous particles. The Journal of Chemical Physics 118:15, pages 7012-7045.
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Jinyu Zhu, Mun Young Choi, George W. Mulholland, Samuel L. Manzello, Louis A. Gritzo & Jill Suo-Anttila. (2002) Measurement of visible and near-IR optical properties of soot produced from laminar flames. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 29:2, pages 2367-2374.
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Yudaya Sivathanu, Anthony Hamins, George Mulholland, Takashi Kashiwagi & Robert Buch. (2001) Characterization of Particulate From Fires Burning Silicone Fluids. Journal of Heat Transfer 123:6, pages 1093-1097.
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T.P Jenkins & R.K Hanson. (2001) Soot pyrometry using modulated absorption/emission. Combustion and Flame 126:3, pages 1669-1679.
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Vadim A. Markel & Vladimir M. Shalaev. (2001) Geometrical renormalization approach to calculating optical properties of fractal carbonaceous soot. Journal of the Optical Society of America A 18:5, pages 1112.
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S. di Stasio. (2001) Observation of restructuring of nanoparticle soot aggregates in a diffusion flame by static light scattering. Journal of Aerosol Science 32:4, pages 509-524.
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J. Rigby, J. Ma, B. W. Webb & T. H. Fletcher. (2000) Transformations of Coal-Derived Soot at Elevated Temperature. Energy & Fuels 15:1, pages 52-59.
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Dominique Baillis & Jean-François Sacadura. (2000) Thermal radiation properties of dispersed media: theoretical prediction and experimental characterization. Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer 67:5, pages 327-363.
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Jinyu Zhu, Mun Young Choi, George W. Mulholland & Louis A Gritzo. (2000) Measurement of soot optical properties in the near-infrared spectrum. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 43:18, pages 3299-3303.
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T. Jenkins & R. Hanson. (2000) Soot diagnostic for pulse detonation engine studies. Soot diagnostic for pulse detonation engine studies.
Jyh-Cherng Sheu & Lea-Der Chen. (2000) Numerical predictions of NO(x) emission and soot oxidation in laminar diffusion flames. Numerical predictions of NO(x) emission and soot oxidation in laminar diffusion flames.
S. De Iuliis, M. Barbini, S. Benecchi, F. Cignoli & G. Zizak. (1998) Determination of the Soot Volume Fraction in an Ethylene Diffusion Flame by Multiwavelength Analysis of Soot Radiation. Combustion and Flame 115:1-2, pages 253-261.
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Zhi-Qiang Zhou, Tasleem U. Ahmed & Mun Y. Choi. (1998) Measurement of dimensionless soot extinction constant using a gravimetric sampling technique. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 18:1, pages 27-32.
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Mouhammad Barakat, Jean-Michel Souil, Catherine Breillat, Jean-Pierre Vantelon, Vadim Knorre & François-Xavier Rongère. (1998) Smoke data determination for various types of fuel. Fire Safety Journal 30:3, pages 293-306.
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Randall L. Vander Wal & Kirk A. Jensen. (1998) Laser-induced incandescence: excitation intensity. Applied Optics 37:9, pages 1607.
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Mouhammad Barakat, Jean-Michel Souil, Catherine Breillat & Jean-Pierre Vantelon. (1997) Propriétés d'extinction des fumées produites par le fioul domestique en combustion vive. Revue Générale de Thermique 36:6, pages 415-432.
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J.-S. Wu, S. S. Krishnan & G. M. Faeth. (1997) Refractive Indices at Visible Wavelengths of Soot Emitted From Buoyant Turbulent Diffusion Flames. Journal of Heat Transfer 119:2, pages 230-237.
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