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Journal of Leisure Research Volume 17, 1985 - Issue 2
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Review Paper

Crowding Norms in Backcountry Settings: A Review and Synthesis

Robert E. ManningRecreation Management ProgramUniversity of Vermont
Pages 75-89 | Received 19 Sep 1984, Accepted 05 May 1985, Published online: 13 Feb 2018

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Tuan Phong Ly & Thi Hong Hai Nguyen. (2017) Application of carrying capacity management in Vietnamese national parks. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research 22:10, pages 1005-1020.
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RobertE. Manning & DanielH. Krymkowski. (2010) Standards of Quality for Parks and Protected Areas. International Journal of Sociology 40:3, pages 11-29.
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Robert Manning, Steve Lawson & William Valliere. (2009) Multiple manifestations of crowding in outdoor recreation: A study of the relative importance of crowding‐related indicators using indifference curves. Leisure/Loisir 33:2, pages 637-658.
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Robert E. Manning & Wayne A. Freimund. (2004) Use of Visual Research Methods to Measure Standards of Quality for Parks and Outdoor Recreation. Journal of Leisure Research 36:4, pages 557-579.
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Robert E. Manning. (2003) What to Do About Crowding and Solitude in Parks and Wilderness? A Reply to Stewart and Cole. Journal of Leisure Research 35:1, pages 107-118.
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Robert Manning, William Valliere, Benjamin Wang, Steven Lawson & Peter Newman. (2002) Estimating day use social carrying capacity in Yosemite national park. Leisure/Loisir 27:1-2, pages 77-102.
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Robert E. Manning, Peter Newman, William A. Valliere, Ben Wang & Steven R. Lawson. (2001) Respondent Self-Assessment of Research on Crowding Norms in Outdoor Recreation. Journal of Leisure Research 33:3, pages 251-271.
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CemM. Basman, MichaelJ. Manfredo, SusanC. Barro, JerryJ. Vaske & Alan Watson. (1996) Norm accessibility: An exploratory study of backcountry and frontcountry recreational norms. Leisure Sciences 18:2, pages 177-191.
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Robert Manning, Darryll Johnson & Mark Vande Kamp. (1996) Norm congruence among tour boat passengers to Glacier Bay national park. Leisure Sciences 18:2, pages 125-141.
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John L. Heywood. (1993) Behavioral Conventions in Higher Density, Day Use Wildland/Urban Recreation Settings: A Preliminary Case Study. Journal of Leisure Research 25:1, pages 39-52.
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Joseph W. Roggenbuck, Daniel R. Williams, Steven P. Bange & Denis J. Dean. (1991) River Float Trip Encounter Norms: Questioning the Use of the Social Norms Concept. Journal of Leisure Research 23:2, pages 133-153.
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Michael E. Patterson & William E. Hammitt. (1990) Backcountry Encounter Norms, Actual Reported Encounters, and Their Relationship to Wilderness Solitude. Journal of Leisure Research 22:3, pages 259-275.
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Bo Shelby, JerryJ. Vaske & ThomasA. Heberlein. (1989) Comparative analysis of crowding in multiple locations: Results from fifteen years of research. Leisure Sciences 11:4, pages 269-291.
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Bo Shelby, Jerry J. Vaske & Rick Harris. (1988) User Standards for Ecological Impacts at Wilderness Campsites. Journal of Leisure Research 20:3, pages 245-256.
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John L. Heywood. (1987) Experience Preferences of Participants in Different Types of River Recreation Groups. Journal of Leisure Research 19:1, pages 1-12.
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Jerry J. Vaske, Bo Shelby, Alan R. Graefe & Thomas A. Heberlein. (1986) Backcountry Encounter Norms: Theory, Method and Empirical Evidence. Journal of Leisure Research 18:3, pages 137-153.
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