336
Views
93
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Schema

The Variability of Practice Hypothesis

Pages 65-70 | Received 01 Jul 1978, Published online: 13 Aug 2013

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (25)

Lara M. van Peppen, Tamara van Gog, Peter P. J. L. Verkoeijen & Patricia A. Alexander. (2022) Identifying obstacles to transfer of critical thinking skills. Journal of Cognitive Psychology 34:2, pages 261-288.
Read now
Lara M. van Peppen, Peter P. J. L. Verkoeijen, Stefan V. Kolenbrander, Anita E. G. Heijltjes, Eva M. Janssen & Tamara van Gog. (2021) Learning to avoid biased reasoning: effects of interleaved practice and worked examples. Journal of Cognitive Psychology 33:3, pages 304-326.
Read now
Tércio Apolinário-Souza, Ana Flávia Santos Almeida, Natália Lelis-Torres, Juliana Otoni Parma, Grace Schenatto Pereira & Guilherme Menezes Lage. (2020) Molecular Mechanisms Associated with the Benefits of Variable Practice in Motor Learning. Journal of Motor Behavior 52:5, pages 515-526.
Read now
Ellen Fridland. (2019) Longer, smaller, faster, stronger: On skills and intelligence. Philosophical Psychology 32:5, pages 759-783.
Read now
Claire F. Michaels, Thábata V. B. Gomes & Rodolfo N. Benda. (2017) A Direct-Learning Approach to Acquiring a Bimanual Tapping Skill. Journal of Motor Behavior 49:5, pages 550-567.
Read now
Lise Desmottes, Christelle Maillart & Thierry Meulemans. (2017) Mirror-drawing skill in children with specific language impairment: Improving generalization by incorporating variability into the practice session. Child Neuropsychology 23:4, pages 463-482.
Read now
Duncan Fraser & Cedric Linder. (2009) Teaching in higher education through the use of variation: examples from distillation, physics and process dynamics. European Journal of Engineering Education 34:4, pages 369-381.
Read now
Ference Marton. (2006) Sameness and Difference in Transfer. Journal of the Learning Sciences 15:4, pages 499-535.
Read now
CharlesH. Shea & Gabriele Wulf. (2005) Schema Theory: A Critical Appraisal and Reevaluation. Journal of Motor Behavior 37:2, pages 85-102.
Read now
ChadA. Whitacre & CharlesH. Shea. (2002) The Role of Parameter Variability on Retention, Parameter Transfer, and Effector Transfer. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 73:1, pages 47-57.
Read now
JinH. Yan, JerryR. Thomas & KatherineT. Thomas. (1998) Children's Age Moderates the Effect of Practice Variability: A Quantitative Review. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 69:2, pages 210-215.
Read now
Kellie Green Hall & RichardA. Magill. (1995) Variability of Practice and Contextual Interference in Motor Skill Learning. Journal of Motor Behavior 27:4, pages 299-309.
Read now
Adrian Turner & ThomasJ. Martinek. (1995) Teaching for Understanding: A Model for Improving Decision Making During Game Play. Quest 47:1, pages 44-63.
Read now
DennisK. Landin, EdwardP. Hebert & Malcolm Fairweather. (1993) The Effects of Variable Practice on the Performance of a Basketball Skill. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 64:2, pages 232-237.
Read now
CharlesH. Shea & RobertM. Kohl. (1990) Specificity and Variability of Practice. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 61:2, pages 169-177.
Read now
SusannG. Doody & HowardN. Zelaznik. (1988) Rule Formation in a Rapid-Timing Task: A Test of Schema Theory. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 59:1, pages 21-28.
Read now
Timothy D. Lee, Richard A. Magill & Daniel J. Weeks. (1985) Influence of Practice Schedule on Testing Schema Theory Predictions in Adults. Journal of Motor Behavior 17:3, pages 283-299.
Read now
David M. Frohlich & John M. Elliott. (1984) The Schematic Representation of Effector Function Underlying Perceptual-Motor Skill. Journal of Motor Behavior 16:1, pages 40-60.
Read now
D. G. Hedges, J. Dickinson & V. Modigliani. (1983) Stimulus Generalization and the Peak Shift with Movement Stimuli. Journal of Motor Behavior 15:3, pages 280-296.
Read now
Anne Marie Bird & Roberta Rikli. (1983) Observational Learning and Practice Variability. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 54:1, pages 1-4.
Read now
Patricia Del Rey, EmilyH. Wughalter & Michael Whitehurst. (1982) The Effects of Contextual Interference on Females With Varied Experience in Open Sport Skills. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 53:2, pages 108-115.
Read now
JulieF. Margolis & RobertW. Christina. (1981) A Test of Schmidt's Schema Theory of Discrete Motor Skill Learning. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 52:4, pages 474-483.
Read now
Jacques H.A. van Rossum. (1980) The Level of Organization of the Motor Schema. Journal of Motor Behavior 12:2, pages 145-148.
Read now
G.Lawrence Rarick. (1980) Cognitive-Motor Relationships in the Growing Years. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 51:1, pages 174-192.
Read now
Linda M. Carson & Robert L. Wiegand. (1979) Motor Schema Formation and Retention in Young Children. Journal of Motor Behavior 11:4, pages 247-251.
Read now

Articles from other publishers (68)

S. Hourieh Mousavi, Alireza Saberi Kakhki, Davoud Fazeli, Ludwig Vogel, Fabian Horst & Wolfgang I. Schöllhorn. (2024) Effects of contextual interference and differential learning on performance and mental representations in a golf putting task. European Journal of Sport Science 24:3, pages 289-301.
Crossref
Marleen J. Schoenfeld, Jude Thom, Jade Williams, Charlotte J. Stagg & Catharina Zich. (2023) Relationship between skill training and skill transfer through the example of bimanual motor learning. European Journal of Neuroscience 59:1, pages 54-68.
Crossref
Julius Baba Apidogo, Achraf Ammar, Atef Salem, Johannes Burdack & Wolfgang Immanuel Schöllhorn. (2023) Resonance Effects in Variable Practice for Handball, Basketball, and Volleyball Skills: A Study on Contextual Interference and Differential Learning. Sports 12:1, pages 5.
Crossref
Marie Bernardo, Yannick Blandin, Géry Casiez & Cécile R. Scotto. (2023) Use of variable online visual feedback to optimize sensorimotor coding and learning of a motor sequence. PLOS ONE 18:11, pages e0294138.
Crossref
Stanisław H. Czyż & Cheryl A. Coker. (2023) An applied model for using variability in practice. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 18:5, pages 1692-1701.
Crossref
Anas R. Alashram & Giuseppe Annino. (2023) A Novel Neurorehabilitation Approach for Neural Plasticity Overstimulation and Reorganization in Patients with Neurological Disorders. Physikalische Medizin, Rehabilitationsmedizin, Kurortmedizin 33:05, pages 261-269.
Crossref
Achraf Ammar, Khaled Trabelsi, Mohamed Ali Boujelbane, Omar Boukhris, Jordan M. Glenn, Hamdi Chtourou & Wolfgang I. Schöllhorn. (2023) The myth of contextual interference learning benefit in sports practice: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Educational Research Review 39, pages 100537.
Crossref
Lidiane A. Fernandes, Tércio Apolinário-Souza, Enzo G. Azevedo, Joana A. R. Pinto & Guilherme Menezes Lage. (2022) Association Between Cross-Limb Transfer and Practice Organization. Perceptual and Motor Skills 129:5, pages 1413-1427.
Crossref
Julius B. Apidogo, Johannes Burdack & Wolfgang I. Schöllhorn. (2022) Learning Multiple Movements in Parallel—Accurately and in Random Order, or Each with Added Noise?. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19:17, pages 10960.
Crossref
Thomas E. Gorman & Robert L. Goldstone. (2022) An instance-based model account of the benefits of varied practice in visuomotor skill. Cognitive Psychology 137, pages 101491.
Crossref
Limor Raviv, Gary Lupyan & Shawn C. Green. (2022) How variability shapes learning and generalization. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 26:6, pages 462-483.
Crossref
Wolfgang I. Schöllhorn, Nikolas Rizzi, Agnė Slapšinskaitė-Dackevičienė & Nuno Leite. (2022) Always Pay Attention to Which Model of Motor Learning You Are Using. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19:2, pages 711.
Crossref
Ken TAGA & Takeshi ASAI. (2022) The effect of continuous dribbling training on the dribbling movement mode and game performance of junior youth soccer players中学生を対象としたサッカーにおける継続的なドリブルトレーニング がドリブル動作様式及びゲームパフォーマンスに及ぼす効果. Taiikugaku kenkyu (Japan Journal of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences) 67:0, pages 273-296.
Crossref
Julius B. Apidogo, Johannes Burdack & Wolfgang I. Schöllhorn. (2021) Repetition without Repetition or Differential Learning of Multiple Techniques in Volleyball?. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18:19, pages 10499.
Crossref
Tércio Apolinário-Souza, Grace Schenatto Pereira, Natália Lelis-Torres, Isabelle Rodrigues Nery, Rafael Junio Alves Silva & Guilherme Menezes Lage. (2021) The effect of context variability on motor learning. Human Movement Science 77, pages 102794.
Crossref
Stanisław H. Czyż. (2021) Variability of Practice, Information Processing, and Decision Making—How Much Do We Know?. Frontiers in Psychology 12.
Crossref
Matheus M. Pacheco, Charley W. Lafe & Karl M. Newell. (2019) Search Strategies in the Perceptual-Motor Workspace and the Acquisition of Coordination, Control, and Skill. Frontiers in Psychology 10.
Crossref
Lucas Eduardo Antunes Bicalho, Maicon Rodrigues Albuquerque, Herbert Ugrinowitsch, Varley Teoldo da Costa, Juliana Otoni Parma, Thais dos Santos Ribeiro & Guilherme Menezes Lage. (2019) Oculomotor behavior and the level of repetition in motor practice: Effects on pupil dilation, eyeblinks and visual scanning. Human Movement Science 64, pages 142-152.
Crossref
Tércio Apolinário-Souza, Ana Flavia Santos-Almeida, Natália Lelis Torres, Juliana Otoni Parma, Lidiane Aparecida Fernandes, Grace Schenatto Pereira & Guilherme Menezes Lage. 2019. Computational Neuroscience. Computational Neuroscience 91 103 .
Matheus M. Pacheco & Karl M. Newell. (2018) Learning a specific, individual and generalizable coordination function: evaluating the variability of practice hypothesis in motor learning. Experimental Brain Research 236:12, pages 3307-3318.
Crossref
Yuki Matsuura, Satoshi Motoya, Rei Amemiya & Yosuke Sakairi. (2018) An instructional strategy for gymnastics based on versatile kinesthesis experience and its effects on enjoyment and performance運動の楽しさと技能向上から見た学習者の感覚経験を重視した指導方略の効果. Taiikugaku kenkyu (Japan Journal of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences) 63:1, pages 265-280.
Crossref
Matheus M. Pacheco & Karl M. Newell. (2018) Transfer of a learned coordination function: Specific, individual and generalizable. Human Movement Science 59, pages 66-80.
Crossref
Ori Ossmy, Justine E. Hoch, Patrick MacAlpine, Shohan Hasan, Peter Stone & Karen E. Adolph. (2018) Variety Wins: Soccer-Playing Robots and Infant Walking. Frontiers in Neurorobotics 12.
Crossref
Diana Henz, Alexander John, Christian Merz & Wolfgang I. Schöllhorn. (2018) Post-task Effects on EEG Brain Activity Differ for Various Differential Learning and Contextual Interference Protocols. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 12.
Crossref
Marco Cardis, Maura Casadio & Rajiv Ranganathan. (2018) High variability impairs motor learning regardless of whether it affects task performance. Journal of Neurophysiology 119:1, pages 39-48.
Crossref
Natália Lelis-Torres, Herbert Ugrinowitsch, Tércio Apolinário-Souza, Rodolfo N. Benda & Guilherme M. Lage. (2017) Task engagement and mental workload involved in variation and repetition of a motor skill. Scientific Reports 7:1.
Crossref
Guilherme Menezes Lage, Tércio Apolinário-Souza, Maicon Rodrigues Albuquerque, Leonardo Luiz Portes, Marcelo da Silva Januário, Marcio Mário Vieira & Herbert Ugrinowitsch. (2017) The effect of constant practice in transfer tests. Motriz: Revista de Educação Física 23:1, pages 22-32.
Crossref
Mathias Hegele & Sandra Sülzenbrück. 2017. Allgemeine Psychologie. Allgemeine Psychologie 707 748 .
Diana Henz & Wolfgang I. Schöllhorn. (2016) Differential Training Facilitates Early Consolidation in Motor Learning. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 10.
Crossref
Marcelo Silva Januário, Herbert Ugrinowitsch, Guilherme Menezes Lage, Márcio Vieira & Rodolfo Novellino Benda. (2016) Aumento gradual da variabilidade de prática: efeito na aprendizagem da estrutura e na parametrização da habilidade. Revista Brasileira de Educação Física e Esporte 30:3, pages 769-779.
Crossref
Matheus M. Pacheco & Karl M. Newell. (2015) Transfer as a function of exploration and stabilization in original practice. Human Movement Science 44, pages 258-269.
Crossref
Guilherme M. Lage, Herbert Ugrinowitsch, Tércio Apolinário-Souza, Márcio Mário Vieira, Maicon R. Albuquerque & Rodolfo Novellino Benda. (2015) Repetition and variation in motor practice: A review of neural correlates. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 57, pages 132-141.
Crossref
Déborah Nourrit-Lucas, Grégory Zelic, Thibault Deschamps, Michael Hilpron & Didier Delignières. (2013) Persistent coordination patterns in a complex task after 10 years delay. Human Movement Science 32:6, pages 1365-1378.
Crossref
Adam C. King & Karl M. Newell. (2013) The learning of isometric force time scales is differentially influenced by constant and variable practice. Experimental Brain Research 227:2, pages 149-159.
Crossref
Patricia D. Stokes. 2012. Nurturing Creativity in the Classroom. Nurturing Creativity in the Classroom 88 112 .
Antonios K. Travlos. (2010) Specificity and Variability of Practice, and Contextual Interference in Acquisition and Transfer of an Underhand Volleyball Serve. Perceptual and Motor Skills 110:1, pages 298-312.
Crossref
Khaled Taktek. (2009) Hypothèse de la variabilité de la pratique physique mise en perspective : recension des écrits et discussions méthodologiques. Revue des sciences de l'éducation 35:2, pages 177-197.
Crossref
João Barreiros, Teresa Figueiredo & Mário Godinho. (2016) The contextual interference effect in applied settings. European Physical Education Review 13:2, pages 195-208.
Crossref
Daniel Memmert. (2016) Long-Term Effects of Type of Practice on the Learning and Transfer of a Complex Motor Skill. Perceptual and Motor Skills 103:3, pages 912-916.
Crossref
DANIEL MEMMERT. (2006) LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF TYPE OF PRACTICE ON THE LEARNING AND TRANSFER OF A COMPLEX MOTOR SKILL. Perceptual and Motor Skills 103:7, pages 912.
Crossref
Stavros J. Douvis. (2016) Variable Practice in Learning the Forehand Drive in Tennis. Perceptual and Motor Skills 101:2, pages 531-545.
Crossref
Fernand Gobet. (2005) Chunking models of expertise: implications for education. Applied Cognitive Psychology 19:2, pages 183-204.
Crossref
Khaled Taktek & Robert Rigal. (2006) Stratégies pédagogiques et apprentissage d’une tâche motrice discrète chez des enfants de huit à dix ans. Revue des sciences de l'éducation 31:3, pages 607-632.
Crossref
STAVROS J. DOUVIS. (2005) VARIABLE PRACTICE IN LEARNING THE FOREHAND DRIVE IN TENNIS. Perceptual and Motor Skills 101:6, pages 531.
Crossref
John A. Fazey & Ference Martonl. (2016) Understanding the Space of Experiential Variation. Active Learning in Higher Education 3:3, pages 234-250.
Crossref
Elizabeth L. Shoenfelt, Leslie A. Snyder, Allison E. Maue, C. Patrick McDowell & Christopher D. Woolard. (2016) Comparison of Constant and Variable Practice Conditions on Free-Throw Shooting. Perceptual and Motor Skills 94:3_suppl, pages 1113-1123.
Crossref
ELIZABETH L. SHOENFELT. (2002) COMPARISON OF CONSTANT AND VARIABLE PRACTICE CONDITIONS ON FREE-THROW SHOOTING. Perceptual and Motor Skills 94:3, pages 1113.
Crossref
ELIZABETH L. SHOENFELT. (2002) COMPARISON OF CONSTANT AND VARIABLE PRACTICE CONDITIONS ON FREE-THROW SHOOTING. Perceptual and Motor Skills 94, pages 1113.
Crossref
Patricia D. Stokes & Peter Balsam. (2001) An optimal period for setting sustained variability levels. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 8:1, pages 177-184.
Crossref
Jeff E. Goodwin, Joan M. Eckerson, Charles R. Grimes & Paul M. Gordon. (2016) Effect of Different Quantities of Variable Practice on Acquisition, Retention, and Transfer of An Applied Motor Skill. Perceptual and Motor Skills 87:1, pages 147-151.
Crossref
Didier Delignières, Déborah Nourrit, Rim Sioud, Pierre Leroyer, Maurice Zattara & Jean-Paul Micaleff. (1998) Preferred coordination modes in the first steps of the learning of a complex gymnastics skill. Human Movement Science 17:2, pages 221-241.
Crossref
D. Penelope Green, Jean Whitehead & David A. Sugden. (2016) Practice Variability and Transfer of a Racket Skill. Perceptual and Motor Skills 81:3_suppl, pages 1275-1281.
Crossref
Masaki Yamanishi & Nobuyuki Inui. (1994) “The effect of variable practice” on motor performance in school children and college students小学生と大学生の運動パフォーマンスに与える多様練習の効果. Japan Journal of Human Growth and Development Research 1994:22, pages 13-19.
Crossref
Bruce Abernethy & W.A. Sparrow. 1992. Approaches to the Study of Motor Control and Learning. Approaches to the Study of Motor Control and Learning 3 45 .
Gabriele Wulf. (2006) The effect of type of practice on motor learning in children. Applied Cognitive Psychology 5:2, pages 123-134.
Crossref
Jacques H.A. Van Rossum. (1990) Schmidt's schema theory: the empirical base of the variability of practice hypothesis. Human Movement Science 9:3-5, pages 387-435.
Crossref
Jacquelynn O. Kanode & V. Gregory Payne. (2016) Effects of Variable Practice on Retention and Motor Schema Development in down Syndrome Subjects. Perceptual and Motor Skills 69:1, pages 211-218.
Crossref
Stephen C. Moss & James Hogg. (2010) Manipulative competence in children with mental handicaps: theory, findings, and intervention. Mental Handicap Research 1:2, pages 167-185.
Crossref
Paul DunhamJr.Jr., Trey Dunham & Timothy Andrew Dunham. (2016) Effect of Practice Procedure on Skill Acquisition. Perceptual and Motor Skills 66:2, pages 512-514.
Crossref
Harriet G. Williams & Peter Werner. (2016) Development of Movement Schema in Young Children. Perceptual and Motor Skills 60:2, pages 403-410.
Crossref
Graham F. Welch. (2016) A Schema Theory of How Children Learn to Sing in Tune. Psychology of Music 13:1, pages 3-18.
Crossref
J. Dickinson. 1985. Differing Perspectives In Motor Learning, Memory, And Control. Differing Perspectives In Motor Learning, Memory, And Control 209 237 .
Martin R. Sheridan. 1985. Individual Differences in Movement. Individual Differences in Movement 3 26 .
Paul DunhamJr.Jr. & Gary Frens. (2016) Effect of Specificity and Shaping Practice on the Acquisition of a Simple Motor Skill. Perceptual and Motor Skills 57:3, pages 875-878.
Crossref
Dale G. Pease & Allan A. Rupnow. (2016) Effects of Varying Force Production in Practice Schedules of Children Learning a Discrete Motor Task. Perceptual and Motor Skills 57:1, pages 275-282.
Crossref
Susan E. Miller & Murray Krantz. (2016) Schema Theory: An Application to Integration of Fine and Gross Motor Skills of Young Children. Perceptual and Motor Skills 52:3, pages 891-898.
Crossref
Craig A. Wrisberg & Barbara J. Mead. (2016) Anticipation of Coincidence in Children: A Test of Schema Theory. Perceptual and Motor Skills 52:2, pages 599-606.
Crossref
RAYMOND D. KENT. 1981. Development of Perception: Psychobiological Perspectives. Development of Perception: Psychobiological Perspectives 161 189 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.