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Leisure Sciences
An Interdisciplinary Journal
Volume 44, 2022 - Issue 1
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Original Articles

Are Leisure Constraints Models Reflective or Formative?: Evidence from Confirmatory Tetrad Analyses

Shintaro Konoa Department of Public Health and Recreation Professions, College of Education and Human Services, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, USACorrespondence[email protected]
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Eiji Itob Faculty of Tourism, Wakayama University, Wakayama, JapanORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4663-0783View further author information
ORCID Icon &
Angela Loucks-Atkinsonc School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, CanadaView further author information
Pages 55-76 | Received 05 Nov 2017, Accepted 13 Apr 2018, Published online: 02 Aug 2018

Citations (15)

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Read on this site (11)

Shang-Min Ma, Sheng-Fong Chen & Shang-Chun Ma. (2024) Relationships between social capital, leisure constraints, leisure negotiation, and running club participation. Journal of Leisure Research 55:3, pages 398-419.
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Dang Thuan An Nguyen & Liwei Hsu. (2024) Solo travel intention: A study of Indonesian Muslim and non-Muslim women. Journal of Leisure Research 55:2, pages 159-184.
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Julie S. Son, Guangzhou Chen, Toni Liechty, Megan C. Janke, Stephanie T. West, Jen D. Wong & Jill J. Naar. (2024) The Role of Facilitators in the Constraint Negotiation of Leisure-Time Physical Activity. Leisure Sciences 46:2, pages 123-142.
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Shintaro Kono & Eiji Ito. (2023) Effects of leisure constraints and negotiation on activity enjoyment: a forgotten part of the leisure constraints theory. Annals of Leisure Research 26:5, pages 647-666.
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Rubian Diego Andrade, Giselle Helena Tavares, Gelcemar Oliveira Farias, Thais Silva Beltrame & Érico Pereira Gomes Felden. (2023) Proposition of a theoretical model for leisure practices based on constraints and attitudes. World Leisure Journal 0:0, pages 1-17.
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Shintaro Kono & Mikihiro Sato. (2023) The potentials of partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) in leisure research. Journal of Leisure Research 54:3, pages 309-329.
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Julie Son, Stephanie West, Toni Liechty, Megan Janke, Jill Juris & Jen Wong. (2022) The Sport Facilitators in Later Life Scale (SFLLS): Preliminary evidence of reliability and validity. Journal of Leisure Research 53:4, pages 643-666.
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Sung Bum Chun, Elizabeth A. Halpenny, Justin Y. Jeon & Chul Won Lee. (2022) Leisure Constraints and Negotiation among Canadian and South Korean Mountain Hikers: An Extension of Motivations with the Constraints-Effect-Mitigation Model. Leisure Sciences 0:0, pages 1-28.
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Shintaro Kono, Eiji Ito & Angela Loucks-Atkinson. (2021) The measurement model of leisure constraint negotiation in leisure-time physical activity context: Reflective or formative?. Journal of Leisure Research 52:1, pages 120-127.
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Shintaro Kono, Eiji Ito, Gordon J. Walker & Jingjing Gui. (2020) Predictive power of leisure constraint-negotiation models within the leisure-time physical activity context: A partial least squares structural equation modeling approach. Journal of Leisure Research 51:3, pages 325-347.
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Shintaro Kono, Seung Jin Cho, John Dattilo & Shinichi Nagata. Effects of online leisure education on leisure behaviors and experiences among university students. Journal of Leisure Research 0:0, pages 1-23.
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Articles from other publishers (4)

Yung-Sen Lin, Wen-Shiung Huang, Kao-Sheng Chen & Chun-Yi Wu. (2024) Development and validation of an aesthetic capital scale for hospitality industry front-line employees. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management 58, pages 145-153.
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Tania WisemanTania Wiseman. 2021. Leisure in Later Life. Leisure in Later Life 29 54 .
Ralf Buckley & Mahshad Akhoundogli. (2019) Tourism Affordances as a Research Lens. Journal of Travel Research 59:7, pages 1331-1334.
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Eiji Ito & Kei Hikoji. (2018) Constraints and Constraint Negotiation when Participating in Domestic and International Masters Games. International Journal of Sport and Health Science 16:0, pages 120-127.
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