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Original Articles

Counterfactuals, emotions, and context

Pages 139-159 | Published online: 09 Sep 2010

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (11)

Xiaolu Zhang, Marcel Zeelenberg & Seger M. Breugelmans. (2023) Why do people (not) share guilt with others?. Cognition and Emotion 37:5, pages 927-941.
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Stefania Pighin, Ruth M. J. Byrne & Katya Tentori. (2022) “If only” counterfactual thoughts about cooperative and uncooperative decisions in social dilemmas. Thinking & Reasoning 28:2, pages 193-225.
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Xiaolu Zhang, Marcel Zeelenberg, Amy Summerville & Seger M. Breugelmans. (2021) The role of self-discrepancies in distinguishing regret from guilt. Self and Identity 20:3, pages 388-405.
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Bronwyn M. Angus & Wendy J. Phillips. (2021) Self-referent upward counterfactual thinking mediates the relationship between self-compassion and depression. Australian Psychologist 56:1, pages 61-69.
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Mark S. Allen, Sarah J. Knipler & Amy Y. C. Chan. (2019) Happiness and counterfactual thinking at the 2016 Summer Olympic Games. Journal of Sports Sciences 37:15, pages 1762-1769.
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Angela M. Legg & Kate Sweeny. (2015) Blended news delivery in healthcare: a framework for injecting good news into bad news conversations. Health Psychology Review 9:4, pages 452-468.
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Niels van de Ven & Marcel Zeelenberg. (2015) On the counterfactual nature of envy: “It could have been me”. Cognition and Emotion 29:6, pages 954-971.
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Caren A. Frosch, Suzanne M. Egan & Emily N. Hancock. (2015) The effect of controllability and causality on counterfactual thinking. Thinking & Reasoning 21:3, pages 317-340.
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Noémie Carbonneau, Robert J. Vallerand & Sabrina Massicotte. (2010) Is the practice of yoga associated with positive outcomes? The role of passion. The Journal of Positive Psychology 5:6, pages 452-465.
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David R Mandel. (2003) Effect of counterfactual and factual thinking on causal judgements. Thinking & Reasoning 9:3, pages 245-265.
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Articles from other publishers (68)

Shenyang Huang, Leonard Faul, Natasha Parikh, Kevin S. LaBar & Felipe De Brigard. (2024) Counterfactual thinking induces different neural patterns of memory modification in anxious individuals. Scientific Reports 14:1.
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Alan R. King. (2024) The pursuit of unattainable goals. Possibility Studies & Society.
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Pascal Schlechter, Thole H. Hoppen & Nexhmedin Morina. (2023) Counterfactual comparisons and affective styles in the aftermath of traumatic events. Current Psychology 42:36, pages 32147-32156.
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Sean Dae Houlihan, Max Kleiman-Weiner, Luke B. Hewitt, Joshua B. Tenenbaum & Rebecca Saxe. (2023) Emotion prediction as computation over a generative theory of mind. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 381:2251.
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Jiayu Fan, Ruolei Gu, Yongling Lin & Yue-jia Luo. (2023) Event-related potentials in response to early terminated and completed sequential decision-making. International Journal of Psychophysiology 189, pages 11-19.
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Larry O. Awo, JohnBosco C. Chukwuorji & Catherine N. Ekwe. (2021) Counterfactual thoughts and regret intensity as correlates of depressive symptoms among polytechnic students in Nigeria. Current Psychology 42:5, pages 4254-4263.
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Mauro Bertolotti, Luca Guido Valla & Patrizia Catellani. (2022) “If it weren’t for COVID-19…”: Counterfactual arguments influence support for climate change policies via cross-domain moral licensing or moral consistency effects. Frontiers in Psychology 13.
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Karen Renaud, Rosalind Searle & Marc Dupuis. (2022) Cybersecurity Regrets: I’ve had a few.... Je Ne Regrette. Cybersecurity Regrets: I’ve had a few.... Je Ne Regrette.
Brittany C. Solomon, Matthew E. K. Hall & Cindy P. Muir (Zapata). (2022) When and Why Bias Suppression Is Difficult to Sustain: The Asymmetric Effect of Intermittent Accountability. Academy of Management Journal 65:5, pages 1450-1476.
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Mellisa Holtzman. (2020) Bystander Intervention Training: Does it Increase Perceptions of Blame for Non‐Intervention?. Sociological Inquiry 91:4, pages 914-939.
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Carlos Hugo Criado del Valle. (2021) Guilt and Shame of What Might Have Been in Optimistic Offender Drivers. Frontiers in Psychology 12.
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Jae Engle & Caren M. Walker. (2021) Thinking Counterfactually Supports Children’s Evidence Evaluation in Causal Learning. Child Development 92:4, pages 1636-1651.
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Bethany Corbett, Aidan Feeney & Teresa McCormack. (2021) Interpersonal regret and prosocial risk taking in children. Cognitive Development 58, pages 101036.
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Travuth Trivate, Ashley A Dennis, Sarah Sholl & Tracey Wilkinson. (2019) Learning and coping through reflection: exploring patient death experiences of medical students. BMC Medical Education 19:1.
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Jens Allaert, Rudi De Raedt & Marie-Anne Vanderhasselt. (2019) When choosing means losing: Regret enhances repetitive negative thinking in high brooders. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 85, pages 103850.
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Roman Inderst, Kiryl Khalmetski & Axel Ockenfels. (2019) Sharing Guilt: How Better Access to Information May Backfire. Management Science 65:7, pages 3322-3336.
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Brian Uprichard & Teresa McCormack. (2018) Becoming Kinder: Prosocial Choice and the Development of Interpersonal Regret. Child Development 90:4.
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Lin Li, Zhiyuan Liu, Huanghuang Niu, Li Zheng, Xuemei Cheng, Peng Sun, Fanzhi Anita Zhou & Xiuyan Guo. (2018) Responsibility modulates the neural correlates of regret during the sequential risk-taking task. Experimental Brain Research 236:3, pages 679-689.
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Nora Rebekka Krott & Gabriele Oettingen. (2017) Mental contrasting of counterfactual fantasies attenuates disappointment, regret, and resentment. Motivation and Emotion 42:1, pages 17-36.
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Burhanudin Burhanudin & David Ferguson. (2018) Environmental issues: managing product switching intentions among Indonesian consumers. Journal of Asia Business Studies 12:1, pages 99-116.
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Melanie Hammond Mobilio & Carol-anne Moulton. 2018. Surgeons as Educators. Surgeons as Educators 309 321 .
Neal J. Roese, Rachel Smallman & Kai Epstude. (2017) Do episodic counterfactual thoughts focus on controllable action?: The role of self-initiation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 73, pages 14-23.
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Matthew L. Stanley, Gregory W. Stewart & Felipe De Brigard. (2016) Counterfactual Plausibility and Comparative Similarity. Cognitive Science 41:S5, pages 1216-1228.
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Zhuo Jing-Schmidt. (2017) What are they good for? A constructionist account of counterfactuals in ordinary Chinese. Journal of Pragmatics 113, pages 30-52.
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Matthew L. Stanley, Natasha Parikh, Gregory W. Stewart & Felipe De Brigard. (2017) Emotional intensity in episodic autobiographical memory and counterfactual thinking. Consciousness and Cognition 48, pages 283-291.
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Neal J. Roese & Kai Epstude. 2017. 1 79 .
So-Ra Kim, Young-Sil Kwon & Myoung-Ho Hyun. (2015) The effects of belief in good luck and counterfactual thinking on gambling behavior. Journal of Behavioral Addictions 4:4, pages 236-243.
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Xue Feng, Ruolei Gu, Fucheng Liang, Lucas S. Broster, Yunzhe Liu, Dandan Zhang & Yue-jia Luo. (2015) Depressive states amplify both upward and downward counterfactual thinking. International Journal of Psychophysiology 97:2, pages 93-98.
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Adam Grabowski & Philip Broemer. (2015) I am so glad that we parted! Am I? On attitude representation, counterfactual thinking, and experienced regret. Polish Psychological Bulletin 46:1.
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Inna Levy & Sarah Ben-David. (2013) Mechanism of Bystander-Blaming. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 59:1, pages 96-113.
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Toni G.L.A. van der Meer & Joost W.M. Verhoeven. (2014) Emotional crisis communication. Public Relations Review 40:3, pages 526-536.
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Jun Woo Kim, Marshall Magnusen & Yu Kyoum Kim. (2014) A Critical Review of Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Consumer Satisfaction Research and Recommendations for Future Sport Marketing Scholarship. Journal of Sport Management 28:3, pages 338-355.
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SoYon Rim & Amy Summerville. (2013) How Far to the Road Not Taken? The Effect of Psychological Distance on Counterfactual Direction. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 40:3, pages 391-401.
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Mark S. Allen, Iain Greenlees & Marc V. Jones. (2014) Personality, counterfactual thinking, and negative emotional reactivity. Psychology of Sport and Exercise 15:2, pages 147-154.
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David R. Mandel. (2013) Gender Differences in Attitudes Toward Police Use of Tasers Following the Dziekanski Case. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy 13:1, pages 310-326.
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Jennifer Kay Leach & Erika A. Patall. (2013) Maximizing and Counterfactual Thinking in Academic Major Decision Making. Journal of Career Assessment 21:3, pages 414-429.
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Ryan Y. Hong, Widyasari Triyono & Pearlyn S. Ong. (2013) When Being Discrepant from One's Ideal or Ought Selves Hurts: The Moderating Role of Neuroticism. European Journal of Personality 27:3, pages 256-270.
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Alison M. Bacon, Clare R. Walsh & Leanne Martin. (2013) Fantasy proneness and counterfactual thinking. Personality and Individual Differences 54:4, pages 469-473.
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Wen-Hsien Huang & Marcel Zeelenberg. (2023) Investor regret: The role of expectation in comparing what is to what might have been. Judgment and Decision Making 7:4, pages 441-451.
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M. Habib, M. Cassotti, G. Borst, G. Simon, A. Pineau, O. Houdé & S. Moutier. (2012) Counterfactually mediated emotions: A developmental study of regret and relief in a probabilistic gambling task. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 112:2, pages 265-274.
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Otilia Obodaru. (2012) The Self Not Taken: How Alternative Selves Develop and How They Influence Our Professional Lives. Academy of Management Review 37:1, pages 34-57.
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Patrizia Milesi & Patrizia Catellani. (2011) The day after an electoral defeat: Counterfactuals and collective action. British Journal of Social Psychology 50:4, pages 690-706.
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Kai Epstude & Neal J. Roese. (2011) When Goal Pursuit Fails. Social Psychology 42:1, pages 19-27.
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Scott A. Jeffrey, Selcuk Onay & Richard P. Larrick. (2009) Goal attainment as a resource: The cushion effect in risky choice above a goal. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 23:2, pages 191-202.
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Michal PTASZYNSKI, Pawel DYBALA, Rafal RZEPKA & Kenji ARAKI. (2010) An Automatic Evaluation Method for Conversational Agents Based on Affect-as-Information Theory. Journal of Japan Society for Fuzzy Theory and Intelligent Informatics 22:1, pages 73-89.
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P. Sven Arvidson. 2010. Handbook of Phenomenology and Cognitive Science. Handbook of Phenomenology and Cognitive Science 99 121 .
Song Su, Rong Chen & Ping Zhao. (2009) Do the size of consideration set and the source of the better competing option influence post-choice regret?. Motivation and Emotion 33:3, pages 219-228.
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Nancy E. Newall, Judith G. Chipperfield, Lia M. Daniels, Steven Hladkyj & Raymond P. Perry. (2009) Regret in Later Life: Exploring Relationships between Regret Frequency, Secondary Interpretive Control Beliefs, and Health in Older Individuals. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development 68:4, pages 261-288.
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Aron K. Barbey, Frank Krueger & Jordan Grafman. (2009) Structured event complexes in the medial prefrontal cortex support counterfactual representations for future planning. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364:1521, pages 1291-1300.
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Katie Dray & Mark A. Uphill. (2009) A survey of athletes’ counterfactual thinking: Precursors, prevalence, and consequences. Sport & Exercise Psychology Review 5:1, pages 16-26.
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Michal Ptaszynski, Pawel Dybala, Shinsuke Higuchi, Rafal Rzepka & Kenji Araki. (2008) Affect as Information about Users' Attitudes to Conversational Agents. Affect as Information about Users' Attitudes to Conversational Agents.
Michal Ptaszynski, Pawel Dybala, Shinsuke Higuchi, Rafal Rzepka & Kenji Araki. (2008) Affect-as-Information Approach to a Sentiment Analysis Based Evaluation of Conversational Agents. Affect-as-Information Approach to a Sentiment Analysis Based Evaluation of Conversational Agents.
Kai Epstude & Neal J. Roese. (2008) The Functional Theory of Counterfactual Thinking. Personality and Social Psychology Review 12:2, pages 168-192.
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Ruth M. J. Byrne. (2008) Précis of The Rational Imagination: How People Create Alternatives to Reality . Behavioral and Brain Sciences 30:5-6, pages 439-453.
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Rik Pieters & Marcel Zeelenberg. (2008) A Theory of Regret Regulation 1.1. Journal of Consumer Psychology 17:1, pages 29-35.
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Richard J. CrispSarah Heuston, Matthew J. Farr & Rhiannon N. Turner. (2007) Seeing Red or Feeling Blue: Differentiated Intergroup Emotions and Ingroup Identification in Soccer Fans. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 10:1, pages 9-26.
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Christopher P. Barlett & Laura A. Brannon. (2016) “If Only …”: The Role of Visual Imagery in Counterfactual Thinking. Imagination, Cognition and Personality 26:1, pages 87-100.
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Bruce L. Arnold. (2006) Anticipatory Dying: Reflections Upon End of Life Experiences in a Thai Buddhist Hospice. Qualitative Sociology Review 2:2, pages 21-41.
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Katherine White, Darrin R. Lehman, Kenneth J. Hemphill, David R. Mandel & Anna M. Lehman. (2006) Causal Attributions, Perceived Control, and Psychological Adjustment: A Study of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome 1 . Journal of Applied Social Psychology 36:1, pages 75-99.
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Howard B. Kaplan. 2006. Handbook of the Sociology of Emotions. Handbook of the Sociology of Emotions 224 253 .
John V. Petrocelli & Eliot R. Smith. (2016) Who I Am, Who We Are, and Why: Links Between Emotions and Causal Attributions for Self- and Group Discrepancies. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 31:12, pages 1628-1642.
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David R. Mandel & Mandeep K. Dhami. (2005) “What I did” versus “what I might have done”: Effect of factual versus counterfactual thinking on blame, guilt, and shame in prisoners. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 41:6, pages 627-635.
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Katherine WhiteDarrin R. Lehman. (2016) Looking on the Bright Side: Downward Counterfactual Thinking in Response to Negative Life Events. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 31:10, pages 1413-1424.
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Nancy L. Kocovski, Norman S. Endler, Neil A. Rector & Gordon L. Flett. (2005) Ruminative coping and post-event processing in social anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy 43:8, pages 971-984.
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Justin Kruger, Derrick Wirtz & Dale T. Miller. (2005) Counterfactual Thinking and the First Instinct Fallacy.. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 88:5, pages 725-735.
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Clare R. Walsh & Ruth M. J. Byrne. (2004) Counterfactual thinking: The temporal order effect. Memory & Cognition 32:3, pages 369-378.
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David R. Mandel. (2003) Judgment dissociation theory: An analysis of differences in causal, counterfactual and covariational reasoning.. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 132:3, pages 419-434.
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Ruth M.J. Byrne. (2002) Mental models and counterfactual thoughts about what might have been. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 6:10, pages 426-431.
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