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Original Articles

Pre- and Postpartum Fear of Childbirth in Nulliparous and Parous Women

Pages 75-84 | Published online: 05 Nov 2010

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (37)

Sandra Patrícia Arantes do Souto, Ana Paula Prata, Rosemeire Sartori de Albuquerque & Sofia Almeida. (2024) Psychometric properties of the European Portuguese version of the Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire in pregnant women. Health Care for Women International 45:6, pages 603-620.
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Tia Mäkelä, Terhi Saisto, Katariina Salmela-Aro & Hanna Rouhe. (2023) How do different childbirth experience scales predict childbirth-related posttraumatic stress symptoms and disorder?. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology 44:1.
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Pauline Slade, Katie Balling, Gillian Houghton & Kayleigh Sheen. (2022) A new scale for fear of childbirth: the Fear of Childbirth Questionnaire (FCQ). Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology 40:6, pages 602-612.
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Sabri Berkem Okten, Anil Gunduz, Tugce Sencelikel, Guldeniz Desteli, Elvan Basak Usta Gunduz & Tevfik Berk Bildaci. (2022) The role of personality traits on mode of delivery. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology 43:3, pages 292-297.
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Natalia Kuciel, Edyta Sutkowska, Karolina Biernat, Katarzyna Hap, Justyna Mazurek & Iwona Demczyszak. (2021) Assessment of the level of anxiety and pain in women who do and do not attend childbirth classes during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy 14, pages 4489-4497.
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Nevin Çıtak Bilgin, Hamit Coşkun, Dilek Coşkuner Potur, Esra İbar Aydın & Esra Uca. (2021) Psychosocial predictors of the fear of childbirth in Turkish pregnant women. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology 42:2, pages 123-131.
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Anne-Marie Sluijs, Klaas Wijma, Marc P. H. D. Cleiren, Jan M. M. van Lith & Barbro Wijma. (2020) Preferred and actual mode of delivery in relation to fear of childbirth. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology 41:4, pages 266-274.
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Meike Bangma, Brenda M. Kazemier, Dimitri N. M. Papatsonis, Hester J. Van der Zaag-Loonen & K. Marieke Paarlberg. (2020) The association between depressive symptoms during pregnancy and post-delivery fear of childbirth; a prospective study. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology 38:4, pages 367-377.
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Orit Taubman – Ben-Ari, Miriam Chasson, Salam Abu Sharkia & Efrat Weiss. (2020) Distress and anxiety associated with COVID-19 among Jewish and Arab pregnant women in Israel. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology 38:3, pages 340-348.
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Gert A. Klabbers, Klaas Wijma, Hedwig J.A. van Bakel, K. Marieke Paarlberg & Ad J.J.M. Vingerhoets. (2020) Resistance to fear of child birth and stability of mother-child bond. Early Child Development and Care 190:2, pages 175-184.
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Lana Žigić Antić, Sandra Nakić Radoš & Nataša Jokić-Begić. (2019) Are non-pregnant women afraid of childbirth? Prevalence and predictors of fear of childbirth in students. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology 40:3, pages 226-231.
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Tuba Uçar & Zehra Golbasi. (2019) Effect of an educational program based on cognitive behavioral techniques on fear of childbirth and the birth process. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology 40:2, pages 146-155.
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Gert A. Klabbers, Klaas Wijma, K. Marieke Paarlberg, Wilco H. M. Emons & Ad J. J. M. Vingerhoets. (2019) Haptotherapy as a new intervention for treating fear of childbirth: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology 40:1, pages 38-47.
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Nelly Goutaudier, Charlene Bertoli, Natalène Séjourné & Henri Chabrol. (2019) Childbirth as a forthcoming traumatic event: pretraumatic stress disorder during pregnancy and its psychological correlates. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology 37:1, pages 44-55.
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Céline Favrod, Emily A. Holmes, Yvan Vial, Mathilde Morisod Harari & Antje Horsch. (2018) Spontaneous childbirth-related mental images among pregnant women: a mixed-method study. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology 36:4, pages 393-405.
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Nichole Fairbrother, Dana S. Thordarson & Kathrin Stoll. (2018) Fine tuning fear of childbirth: the relationship between Childbirth Fear Questionnaire subscales and demographic and reproductive variables. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology 36:1, pages 15-29.
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Katri Nieminen, Ida Berg, Katri Frankenstein, Lina Viita, Kamilla Larsson, Ulrika Persson, Loviisa Spånberger, Anna Wretman, Kristin Silfvernagel, Gerhard Andersson & Klaas Wijma. (2016) Internet-provided cognitive behaviour therapy of posttraumatic stress symptoms following childbirth—a randomized controlled trial. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy 45:4, pages 287-306.
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Oznur Korukcu, Okan Bulut & Kamile Kukulu. (2016) Psychometric Evaluation of the Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire Version B. Health Care for Women International 37:5, pages 550-567.
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Katri Nieminen, Gerhard Andersson, Barbro Wijma, Elsa-Lena Ryding & Klaas Wijma. (2016) Treatment of nulliparous women with severe fear of childbirth via the Internet: a feasibility study. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology 37:2, pages 37-43.
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Nataša Jokić-Begić, Lana Žigić & Sandra Nakić Radoš. (2014) Anxiety and anxiety sensitivity as predictors of fear of childbirth: different patterns for nulliparous and parous women. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology 35:1, pages 22-28.
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Birgitta Salomonsson, Mats T. Gullberg, Siw Alehagen & Klaas Wijma. (2013) Self-efficacy beliefs and fear of childbirth in nulliparous women. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology 34:3, pages 116-121.
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Anne-Marie Sluijs, Marc P. H. D. Cleiren, Sicco A. Scherjon & Klaas Wijma. (2012) No relationship between fear of childbirth and pregnancy-/delivery-outcome in a low-risk Dutch pregnancy cohort delivering at home or in hospital. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology 33:3, pages 99-105.
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Susan Garthus-Niegel, Hege Therese Størksen, Leila Torgersen, Tilmann Von Soest & Malin Eberhard-Gran. (2011) The Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire – a factor analytic study. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology 32:3, pages 160-163.
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Anne-Mette Schroll, Ann Tabor & Hanne Kjaergaard. (2011) Physical and sexual lifetime violence: prevalence and influence on fear of childbirth before, during and after delivery. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology 32:1, pages 19-26.
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Kerry Spice, Shannon L. Jones, Heather D. Hadjistavropoulos, Kristine Kowalyk & Sherry H. Stewart. (2009) Prenatal fear of childbirth and anxiety sensitivity. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology 30:3, pages 168-174.
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Katri Nieminen, Olof Stephansson & Elsa Lena Ryding. (2009) Women's fear of childbirth and preference for cesarean section – a cross-sectional study at various stages of pregnancy in Sweden. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 88:7, pages 807-813.
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Hanne Kjærgaard, Klaas Wijma, Anna‐Karin Dykes & Siw Alehagen. (2008) Fear of childbirth in obstetrically low‐risk nulliparous women in Sweden and Denmark. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology 26:4, pages 340-350.
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Nichole Fairbrother & Sheila R. Woody. (2007) Fear of childbirth and obstetrical events as predictors of postnatal symptoms of depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology 28:4, pages 239-242.
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Johan Söderquist, Barbro Wijma & Klaas Wijma. (2006) The longitudinal course of post-traumatic stress after childbirth. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology 27:2, pages 113-119.
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Siw Alehagen, Barbro Wijma & Klaas Wijma. (2006) Fear of childbirth before, during, and after childbirth. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 85:1, pages 56-62.
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Carola Eriksson, Göran Westman & Katarina Hamberg. (2005) Experiential factors associated with childbirth-related fear in Swedish women and men: A population based study. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology 26:1, pages 63-72.
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Terhi Saisto & Erja Halmesmäki. (2003) Fear of childbirth: a neglected dilemma. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 82:3, pages 201-208.
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K. Wijma, E.L. Ryding & B. Wijma. (2002) Predicting psychological well-being after emergency caesarean section: A preliminary study. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology 20:1, pages 25-36.
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J. Soderquist, K. Wijma & B. Wijma. (2002) Traumatic Stress after Childbirth: The Role of Obstetric Variables. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology 23:1, pages 31-39.
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K. Wijma, S. Alehagen & B. Wijma. (2002) Development of the Delivery Fear Scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology 23:2, pages 97-107.
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Sanna Gustafsson & Mirjam Raudasoja. Experiences of success and failure in childbirth. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology 0:0, pages 1-21.
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Articles from other publishers (124)

Tesfahun Simon, Kassahun Fikadu, Bezawit Afework, Habtamu Alemu & Begetayinoral Kussia. (2024) Childbirth Self-Efficacy and Its Associated Factors among Pregnant Women in Arba Minch Town, Southern Ethiopia, 2023: A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Pregnancy 2024, pages 1-8.
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Anxin Yin, Yunmei Shi, Seppo Heinonen, Sari Räisänen, Wenli Fang, Hong Jiang & An Chen. (2024) The impact of fear of childbirth on mode of delivery, postpartum mental health and breastfeeding: A prospective cohort study in Shanghai, China. Journal of Affective Disorders 347, pages 183-191.
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Seyedeh Fatemeh Emadi, Khadijeh Hekmat, Parvin Abedi & Elham Maraghi. (2024) Effect of emotional freedom technique on the fear of childbirth in Iranian primiparous women: a randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Psychology 14.
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Paola Bully, Isabel Artieta-Pinedo, Carmen Paz-Pascual, Arturo García-Álvarez, Sonia Alvarez, Pilar Amorrortu, Mónica Blas, Inés Cabeza, Itziar Estalella, Ana Cristina Fernández, Gloria Gutiérrez de Terán-Moreno, Kata Legarra, Gorane Lozano, Amaia Maquibar, David Moreno-López, Mª Jesús Mulas, Covadonga Pérez, Angela Rodríguez, Mercedes Sáenz de Santamaría, Jesús Sánchez, Mª José Trincado, Gema Villanueva & Maite Espinosa. (2023) Development and evaluation of the psychometric properties of a digital questionnaire for the evaluation of perinatal psychosocial needs. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 23:1.
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Yukiko Ohashi, Mizuki Takegata, Satoru Takeda, Ayako Hada, Yuriko Usui & Toshinori Kitamura. (2023) Is Your Pregnancy Unwanted or Unhappy? Psychological Correlates of a Cluster of Pregnant Women Who Need Professional Care. Healthcare 11:15, pages 2196.
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Sharon Ben-Rafael, Miki Bloch & Gabi Aisenberg-Romano. (2023) Dual-Session Tokophobia Intervention, a Novel Ultrashort Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Protocol for Women Suffering From Tokophobia in the Third Term of Pregnancy. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice 30:3, pages 520-538.
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Anđela Kuljanac, Maja Brekalo & Sandra Nakić Radoš. (2023) Perfectionism, Intolerance of Uncertainty, and Fear of Childbirth in Pregnant and Non-pregnant Women. Clínica y Salud 34:2, pages 65-70.
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Burcu KIŞLA, Derya KILINÇ, Nihal ÇAKMAK, Esma YÜKSEL & Nazan ORAN. (2023) DOĞUM EYLEMİNE KATILMIŞ OLMAK EBELİK ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN DOĞUM KORKUSU DÜZEYLERİNİ ETKİLER Mİ?DOES PARTICIPATING IN LABOR ACTION AFFECT THE CHILDBIRTH FEAR OF MIDWIFERY STUDENTS?. Balıkesır Health Sciences Journal.
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Lisa Rublein & Beate Muschalla. (2022) Childbirth fear, birth-related mindset and knowledge in non-pregnant women without birth experience. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 22:1.
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Robera Demissie Berhanu, Asresash Demissie Abathun, Endalew Hailu Negessa & Lensa Gari Amosa. (2022) The magnitude and associated factors of childbirth fear among pregnant women attending antenatal care at public hospitals in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 22:1.
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Sandra Nakić Radoš, Lana Žigić Antić & Nataša Jokić-Begić. (2022) The Role of Personality Traits and Delivery Experience in Fear of Childbirth: A Prospective Study. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings 29:4, pages 750-759.
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Agnes F. Massae, Margareta Larsson, Sebalda Leshabari, Columba Mbekenga, Andrea B. Pembe & Agneta S. Svanberg. (2022) Fear of childbirth: validation of the Kiswahili version of Wijma delivery expectancy/experience questionnaire versions A and B in Tanzania. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 22:1.
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Agnes Fredrick Massae, Margareta Larsson, Andrea Barnabas Pembe, Columba Mbekenga & Agneta Skoog Svanberg. (2022) Patterns and predictors of fear of childbirth and depressive symptoms over time in a cohort of women in the Pwani region, Tanzania. PLOS ONE 17:11, pages e0277004.
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Soo Rueng Yeo & So Young Choi. (2022) Influence of Fetal Attachment and Pregnancy Stress on Health Promotion Behavior in Primigravida. Journal of The Korean Society of Maternal and Child Health 26:4, pages 270-282.
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Tzu-Chi Kuo, Heng-Kien Au, Su-Ru Chen, Roselyn Chipojola, Gabrielle T. Lee, Pi-Hsia Lee & Shu-Yu Kuo. (2022) Effects of an integrated childbirth education program to reduce fear of childbirth, anxiety, and depression, and improve dispositional mindfulness: A single-blind randomised controlled trial. Midwifery 113, pages 103438.
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Duygu GÜLEÇ ŞATIR, Ruken YAĞIZ ALTINTAŞ & Ümran SEVİL. (2022) Annelerin Yaşadığı Doğum Deneyimi ile Doğum Sonu Maternal Bağlanma Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesiInvestigation of the Relationship Between Mothers’ Chilbirth Experiences and Postpartum Maternal Attachment. Ege Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi 38:2, pages 103-108.
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Seyedeh Robab Mousavi, Leila Amiri-Farahani, Shima Haghani & Sally Pezaro. (2022) Comparing the effect of childbirth preparation courses delivered both in-person and via social media on pregnancy experience, fear of childbirth, birth preference and mode of birth in pregnant Iranian women: A quasi-experimental study. PLOS ONE 17:8, pages e0272613.
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Emre DESTEGÜL & Cevdet ADIGÜZEL. (2022) The Effect of Pregnant Education Classes on the Birth Process of Nulliparous Pregnants. Cumhuriyet Medical Journal.
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Nichole Fairbrother, Arianne Albert, Fanie Collardeau & Cora Keeney. (2022) The Childbirth Fear Questionnaire and the Wijma Delivery Expectancy Questionnaire as Screening Tools for Specific Phobia, Fear of Childbirth. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19:8, pages 4647.
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Juliane Junge-Hoffmeister, Antje Bittner, Susan Garthus-Niegel, Maren Goeckenjan, Julia Martini & Kerstin Weidner. (2022) Subjective Birth Experience Predicts Mother–Infant Bonding Difficulties in Women With Mental Disorders. Frontiers in Global Women's Health 3.
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Sandra Patrícia Arantes do Souto, Ana Paula Prata, Rosemeire Sartori de Albuquerque & Sofia Almeida. (2022) Prevalence and predictive factors for fear of childbirth in pregnant Portuguese women: A cross-sectional study. Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare 31, pages 100687.
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Lara Seefeld, Victoria Weise, Marie Kopp, Susanne Knappe & Susan Garthus-Niegel. (2022) Birth Experience Mediates the Association Between Fear of Childbirth and Mother-Child-Bonding Up to 14 Months Postpartum: Findings From the Prospective Cohort Study DREAM. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12.
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Agnes Fredrick Massae, Margareta Larsson, Sebalda Leshabari, Columba Mbekenga, Andrea Barnabas Pembe & Agneta Skoog Svanberg. (2021) Predictors of fear of childbirth and depressive symptoms among pregnant women: a cross-sectional survey in Pwani region, Tanzania. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 21:1.
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Orit Taubman – Ben‐Ari, Miriam Chasson & Salam Abu‐Sharkia. (2020) Childbirth anxieties in the shadow of COVID‐19: Self‐compassion and social support among Jewish and Arab pregnant women in Israel. Health & Social Care in the Community 29:5, pages 1409-1419.
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Lijing Dai, Quan Shen, Sharon R. Redding & Yan-Qiong Ouyang. (2021) Simulation-based childbirth education for Chinese primiparas: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Patient Education and Counseling 104:9, pages 2266-2274.
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Maeve Anne O'Connell, Ali S Khashan, Patricia Leahy-Warren, Fiona Stewart & Sinéad M O'Neill. (2021) Interventions for fear of childbirth including tocophobia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2021:7.
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Selina Nath, Lucy N. Lewis, Debra Bick, Jill Demilew & Louise M. Howard. (2021) Mental health problems and fear of childbirth: A cohort study of women in an inner‐city maternity service. Birth 48:2, pages 230-241.
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David Onchonga, Sahar Hammoud, Stephen Kuriakose & Emad Ahmad Khan Muhammad. (2021) Exploring fear of childbirth in Kenya through evaluation of the readability of Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire Version A (W-DEQ-A). Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare 28, pages 100605.
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Rebecca Grekin, Michael W. O’Hara & Rebecca L. Brock. (2020) A model of risk for perinatal posttraumatic stress symptoms. Archives of Women's Mental Health 24:2, pages 259-270.
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Celia Maria Ortega-Cejas, Juan Roldán-Merino, Teresa Lluch-Canut, Mª Isabel Castrillo-Pérez, Mª Mercedes Vicente-Hernández, Marta Jimenez-Barragan, Ainoa Biurrun-Garrido, Mariona Farres-Tarafa, Irma Casas & Sandra Cabrera-Jaime. (2021) Reliability and validity study of the Spanish adaptation of the “Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire” (W-DEQ-A). PLOS ONE 16:3, pages e0248595.
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David Onchonga. (2021) Prenatal fear of childbirth among pregnant women and their spouses in Kenya. Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare 27, pages 100593.
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Gamze Bilgiç & Nevin Çıtak Bilgin. (2020) Relationship Between Fear of Childbirth and Psychological and Spiritual Well-Being in Pregnant Women. Journal of Religion and Health 60:1, pages 295-310.
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Tiruset Gelaw, Teklemariam Gultie Ketema, Kassaw Beyene, Mekdes Kondale Gurara & Gebresilasea Gendisha Ukke. (2020) Fear of childbirth among pregnant women attending antenatal care in Arba Minch town, southern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 20:1.
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Madalitso Khwepeya, Hui-Chuan Huang, Gabrielle T. Lee & Shu-Yu Kuo. (2020) Validation of the Wijma delivery expectancy/experience questionnaire for pregnant women in Malawi: a descriptive, cross-sectional study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 20:1.
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Mia S. O'Toole & Dorthe Berntsen. (2020) Prepartum mental time travelling: Investigating specificity and content of time travelling and their association with psychological distress. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 69, pages 101590.
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David Onchonga, Vahideh MoghaddamHosseini, Margaret Keraka & Ákos Várnagy. (2020) Prevalence of fear of childbirth in a sample of gravida women in Kenya. Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare 24, pages 100510.
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Hülya ARSLANTAŞ, Ayden ÇOBAN, Ferhan DEREBOY, Ezgi SARI, Muazzez ŞAHBAZ & Döndü KURNAZ. (2020) Son trimester gebelerde doğum korkusunu etkileyen faktörler ve doğum korkusunun postpartum depresyon ve maternal bağlanma ile ilişkisiFactors effecting delivery fear in last trimester pregnant women and its relationship with postpartum depression and maternal attachment. Cukurova Medical Journal 45:1, pages 239-250.
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Anne‐Marie Sluijs, Marc P.H.D. Cleiren, Jan M.M. van Lith, Barbro Wijma & Klaas Wijma. (2019) Is fear of childbirth related to the woman’s preferred location for giving birth? A Dutch low‐risk cohort study. Birth 47:1, pages 144-152.
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Sara Molgora, Valentina Fenaroli & Emanuela Saita. (2020) Psychological distress profiles in expectant mothers: What is the association with pregnancy-related and relational variables?. Journal of Affective Disorders 262, pages 83-89.
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Kathryn Gutteridge & Yana Richens. 2020. Understanding Anxiety, Worry and Fear in Childbearing. Understanding Anxiety, Worry and Fear in Childbearing 121 146 .
Anna Malmquist, Louise Jonsson, Johanna Wikström & Katri Nieminen. (2019) Minority stress adds an additional layer to fear of childbirth in lesbian and bisexual women, and transgender people. Midwifery 79, pages 102551.
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Hande YAĞCAN & Hale SEZER. (2019) Doğuma Hazırlık Sınıfı Eğitimlerinde Kullanılabilecek İnovatif Bir Yöntem: Hibrit SimülasyonAn Innovative Method Could be Used in Childbirth Education: Hybrid Simulation. Journal of Biotechnology and Strategic Health Research 3:2, pages 72-78.
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Maeve A. O'Connell, Patricia Leahy‐Warren, Louise C. Kenny, Sinéad M. O'Neill & Ali S. Khashan. (2019) The prevalence and risk factors of fear of childbirth among pregnant women: A cross‐sectional study in Ireland. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 98:8, pages 1014-1023.
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Marthe Tobiasson & Anne Lyberg. (2019) Fear of childbirth from the perspective of midwives working in hospitals in Norway: A qualitative study. Nursing Open 6:3, pages 1180-1188.
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Maeve Anne O'Connell, Sinéad M O'Neill, Eugene Dempsey, Ali S Khashan, Patricia Leahy-Warren, Rebecca MD Smyth & Louise C Kenny. (2019) Interventions for fear of childbirth (tocophobia). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
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Pınar Irmak Vural & Ergül Aslan. (2019) Emotional freedom techniques and breathing awareness to reduce childbirth fear: A randomized controlled study. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice 35, pages 224-231.
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Enrico Calderani, Lisa Giardinelli, Silvia Scannerini, Susanna Arcabasso, Elisa Compagno, Felice Petraglia & Valdo Ricca. (2019) Tocophobia in the DSM-5 era: Outcomes of a new cut-off analysis of the Wijma delivery expectancy/experience questionnaire based on clinical presentation. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 116, pages 37-43.
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Therese Werner-Bierwisch, Christiane Pinkert, Karin Niessen, Sabine Metzing & Claudia Hellmers. (2018) Mothers’ and fathers’ sense of security in the context of pregnancy, childbirth and the postnatal period: an integrative literature review. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 18:1.
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Madalitso Khwepeya, Gabrielle T Lee, Su-Ru Chen & Shu-Yu Kuo. (2018) Childbirth fear and related factors among pregnant and postpartum women in Malawi. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 18:1.
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Sabine L. M. Logtenberg, Corine J. Verhoeven, Katrien Oude Rengerink, Anne-Marie Sluijs, Liv M. Freeman, François G. Schellevis & Ben Willem Mol. (2018) Pharmacological pain relief and fear of childbirth in low risk women; secondary analysis of the RAVEL study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 18:1.
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Vahideh Moghaddam Hosseini, Milad Nazarzadeh & Shayesteh Jahanfar. (2018) Interventions for reducing fear of childbirth: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Women and Birth 31:4, pages 254-262.
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Yana Richens, Debbie M. Smith & Dame Tina Lavender. (2018) Fear of birth in clinical practice: A structured review of current measurement tools. Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare 16, pages 98-112.
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Sabine Striebich, Elke Mattern & Gertrud M. Ayerle. (2018) Support for pregnant women identified with fear of childbirth (FOC)/tokophobia – A systematic review of approaches and interventions. Midwifery 61, pages 97-115.
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Léa Poggi, Nelly Goutaudier, Natalène Séjourné & Henri Chabrol. (2018) When Fear of Childbirth is Pathological: The Fear Continuum. Maternal and Child Health Journal 22:5, pages 772-778.
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Sara Molgora, Valentina Fenaroli, Laura Elvira Prino, Luca Rollè, Cristina Sechi, Annamaria Trovato, Laura Vismara, Barbara Volpi, Piera Brustia, Loredana Lucarelli, Renata Tambelli & Emanuela Saita. (2018) Fear of childbirth in primiparous Italian pregnant women: The role of anxiety, depression, and couple adjustment. Women and Birth 31:2, pages 117-123.
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Kathrin Stoll, Emma Marie Swift, Nichole Fairbrother, Elizabeth Nethery & Patricia Janssen. (2017) A systematic review of nonpharmacological prenatal interventions for pregnancy‐specific anxiety and fear of childbirth. Birth 45:1, pages 7-18.
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Soheila Pirdadeh Beiranvand, Zahra Behboodi Moghadam, Mahvash Salsali, Hamid Alavi Majd, Mehdi Birjandi & Zahra Bostani Khalesi. (2017) Prevalence of Fear of Childbirth and Its Associated Factors in Primigravid Women: A Cross- Sectional Study. Shiraz E-Medical Journal 18:11.
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Pelin Dikmen-Yildiz, Susan Ayers & Louise Phillips. (2017) Factors associated with post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) 4–6 weeks and 6 months after birth: A longitudinal population-based study. Journal of Affective Disorders 221, pages 238-245.
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Maeve A. O'Connell, Patricia Leahy‐Warren, Ali S. Khashan, Louise C. Kenny & Sinéad M. O'Neill. (2017) Worldwide prevalence of tocophobia in pregnant women: systematic review and meta‐analysis. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 96:8, pages 907-920.
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Yaira Hamama-Raz, Eliane Sommerfeld, Daniel Ken-Dror, Rina Lacher & Menachem Ben-Ezra. (2016) The Role of Intra-personal and Inter-personal Factors in Fear of Childbirth: A Preliminary Study. Psychiatric Quarterly 88:2, pages 385-396.
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Sophie McAllister, Kirstie Coxon, T. Murrells & J. Sandall. (2017) Healthcare professionals’ attitudes, knowledge and self-efficacy levels regarding the use of self-hypnosis in childbirth: A prospective questionnaire survey. Midwifery 47, pages 8-14.
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Emma Marie Swift, Helga Gottfredsdottir, Helga Zoega, Mechthild M. Gross & Kathrin Stoll. (2017) Opting for natural birth: A survey of birth intentions among young Icelandic women. Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare 11, pages 41-46.
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Klaas Wijma & Barbro Wijma. 2017. Bio-Psycho-Social Obstetrics and Gynecology. Bio-Psycho-Social Obstetrics and Gynecology 3 31 .
Irena K. Veringa, Esther I. de Bruin, Nancy Bardacke, Larissa G. Duncan, Francisca J. A. van Steensel, Carmen D. Dirksen & Susan M. Bögels. (2016) ‘I’ve Changed My Mind’, Mindfulness-Based Childbirth and Parenting (MBCP) for pregnant women with a high level of fear of childbirth and their partners: study protocol of the quasi-experimental controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry 16:1.
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