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Original Articles

Measuring trait communication apprehension: A test of rival measurement models of the PRCA‐24

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Pages 62-72 | Published online: 02 Jun 2009

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Stephanie Kelly & David Westerman. (2020) Doing communication science: thoughts on making more valid claims. Annals of the International Communication Association 44:3, pages 177-184.
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Jeffrey A. Beck, Jaemin Cha, SeungHyun Kim & Bonnie J. Knutson. (2012) The Relationship Between Communication Apprehension and Satisfaction with Information among Lodging Revenue Managers. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism 13:4, pages 271-285.
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Daniel Hunt, David Atkin & Archana Krishnan. (2012) The Influence of Computer-Mediated Communication Apprehension on Motives for Facebook Use. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 56:2, pages 187-202.
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Karen Kangas Dwyer & MarlinaM. Davidson. (2012) Is Public Speaking Really More Feared Than Death?. Communication Research Reports 29:2, pages 99-107.
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John T. Morrison. (2009) Evaluating Factor Analysis Decisions for Scale Design in Communication Research. Communication Methods and Measures 3:4, pages 195-215.
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AmberN. Finn, ChrisR. Sawyer & Paul Schrodt. (2009) Examining the Effect of Exposure Therapy on Public Speaking State Anxiety. Communication Education 58:1, pages 92-109.
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ClareT. Gardner, MarkusJ. Milne, CarolynP. Stringer & RosalindH. Whiting. (2005) Oral and written communication apprehension in accounting students: Curriculum impacts and impacts on academic performance. Accounting Education 14:3, pages 313-336.
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Joe Ayres. (2005) Performance Visualization and Behavioral Disruption: A Clarification. Communication Reports 18:1-2, pages 55-63.
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Timothy R. Levine , Michael J. Beatty, Sean Limon, Mark A. Hamilton, Ross Buck & Rebecca M. Chory‐Assad. (2004) The dimensionality of the verbal aggressiveness scale. Communication Monographs 71:3, pages 245-268.
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KenzieA. Cameron, Shelly Campo & Dominique Brossard. (2003) Advocating for controversial issues: The effect of activism on compliance‐gaining strategy likelihood of use. Communication Studies 54:3, pages 265-281.
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VirginiaP. Richmond, JamesC. McCroskey & AaronD. Johnson. (2003) Development of the nonverbal immediacy scale (NIS): Measures of self‐and other‐perceived nonverbal immediacy. Communication Quarterly 51:4, pages 504-517.
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Joe Ayres & DebbieM. Ayres Sonandre’. (2003) Performance visualization: Does the nature of the speech model matter?. Communication Research Reports 20:3, pages 260-268.
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BrianL. Heuett, Chia‐Fang (Sandy) Hsu & Joe Ayres. (2003) Testing a screening procedure in the treatments for communication apprehension. Communication Research Reports 20:3, pages 219-229.
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Joe Ayres & TracyA. Ayres. (2003) Using images to enhance the impact of visualization. Communication Reports 16:1, pages 47-55.
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Joe Ayres & TanichyaK. Wongprasert. (2003) Measuring the impact of visualization on mental imagery: Comparing prepared versus original drawings. Communication Research Reports 20:1, pages 45-53.
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JamesB. Roberts, ChrisR. Sawyer & RalphR. Behnke. (2002) Facets of Pavlovian temperament as correlates of communication apprehension. Communication Research Reports 19:2, pages 156-166.
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AmyM. Bippus & Tenzin Dorjee. (2002) The validity of the PRECA as an index of interethnic communication apprehension. Communication Research Reports 19:2, pages 130-137.
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Mike Allen, Lisa Adamski, Michael Bates, Michael Bernhagen, Aaron Callendar, Mary Casey, Anne Czerwinski, Linda Decker, George Howard, Barbara Jordan, Elizabeth Kujawski, Kimberly May, Patricia Olson, Andrew Parenteau, Susan Reilly, Jay Schmidt, S. Stebnitz, Sandra Thau, Michael Tollefson, Debra Zindler & Cynthis Zirbel. (2002) Effect of timing of communicator identification and level of source credibility on attitude. Communication Research Reports 19:1, pages 46-55.
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Joe Ayres & TerenceS. Schliesman. (2002) Paradoxical Intention: An Alternative for the Reduction of Communication Apprehension?. Communication Research Reports 19:1, pages 38-45.
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MatthewM. Martin, Kristin Marie Valencic & AlanD. Heisel. (2002) The relationship between students’ communication apprehension and their motives for communicating with their instructors. Communication Research Reports 19:1, pages 1-7.
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Ann Bainbridge Frymier & Benjamin Weser. (2001) The role of student predispositions on student expectations for instructor communication behavior. Communication Education 50:4, pages 314-326.
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Joe Ayres, Chia‐Fang “Sandy” Hsu & Tim Hopf. (2000) Does exposure to visualization alter speech preparation processes?. Communication Research Reports 17:4, pages 366-374.
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Mike Allen, Rebecca Bruflat, Renée Fucilla, Michael Kramer, Steve McKellips, DanielJ. Ryan & Marieke Spiegelhoff. (2000) Testing the persuasiveness of evidence: Combining narrative and statistical forms. Communication Research Reports 17:4, pages 331-336.
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Joe Ayres & BrianL. Heuett. (2000) An examination of the long term effect of performance visualization. Communication Research Reports 17:3, pages 229-236.
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WilliamG. Powers & DonE. Love. (2000) Communication apprehension in the dating partner context. Communication Research Reports 17:3, pages 221-228.
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Joe Ayres, Tim Hopf & Elizabeth Peterson. (2000) A test of communication‐orientation motivation (COM) therapy. Communication Reports 13:1, pages 35-44.
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Joe Ayres, Tim Hopf & Anthony Will. (2000) Are reductions in ca an experimental artifact? A Solomon four‐group answer. Communication Quarterly 48:1, pages 19-26.
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Joe Ayres, Tim Hopf & PatriciaA. Edwards. (1999) Vividness and control: Factors in the effectiveness of performance visualization?. Communication Education 48:4, pages 287-293.
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TimothyB. Rumbough. (1999) The effects of impromptu speech exercises on reducing trait and situational communication apprehension. New Jersey Journal of Communication 7:2, pages 206-215.
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Joe Ayres, Tim Hopf & Kiyoko Nagami. (1999) A test of com therapy in Japan. Communication Research Reports 16:4, pages 317-324.
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Kaidren Leigh Winiecki & Joe Ayres. (1999) Communication Apprehension and Receiver Apprehension in the Workplace. Communication Quarterly 47:4, pages 430-440.
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Brian Heuett, Joe Ayres & Meera Manvi. (1999) Imagery and public speaking apprehension in India. Communication Research Reports 16:2, pages 131-137.
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James Price Dillard, Denise Haunani Solomon & MarkT. Palmer. (1999) Structuring the concept of relational communication. Communication Monographs 66:1, pages 49-65.
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Joe Ayres & BrianL. Heuett. (1999) An examination of the impact of performance visualization. Communication Research Reports 16:1, pages 29-39.
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AmyM. Bippus & JohnA. Daly. (1999) What do people think causes stage fright?: Naïve attributions about the reasons for public speaking anxiety. Communication Education 48:1, pages 63-72.
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DanetteE. Ifert, KathleenM. Long & ShirleyD. Fortney. (1998) Examining variation among compulsive communicators in classroom settings. Communication Research Reports 15:4, pages 426-435.
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TimothyR. Levine. (1998) Modeling the psychometric properties of information manipulation ratings. Communication Research Reports 15:2, pages 218-225.
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Joe Ayres, Terry Schliesman & Debbie Ayres Sonandré. (1998) Practice makes perfect but does it help reduce communication apprehension?. Communication Research Reports 15:2, pages 170-179.
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Joe Ayres, Brian Heuett & Debbie Ayres Sonandre'. (1998) Testing a refinement in an intervention for communication apprehension. Communication Reports 11:1, pages 73-85.
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JamesB. Weaver$suffix/text()$suffix/text(), Stephanie Lee Sargent & Christian Kiewitz. (1997) Communication apprehension and the type‐a personality. Communication Research Reports 14:3, pages 350-355.
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RebeccaB. Rubin, AlanM. Rubin & FeleciaF. Jordan. (1997) Effects of Instruction on Communication Apprehension and Communication Competence. Communication Education 46:2, pages 104-114.
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JamesW. Neuliep & JamesC. McCroskey. (1997) The development of intercultural and interethnic communication apprehension scales. Communication Research Reports 14:2, pages 145-156.
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Joe Ayres & BrianL. Heuett. (1997) The relationship between visual imagery and public speaking apprehension. Communication Reports 10:1, pages 87-94.
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JamesA. Keaten, Lynne Kelly & Cynthia Finch. (1997) Development of an instrument to measure reticence. Communication Quarterly 45:1, pages 37-54.
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CherylR. Hamilton & DeanK. Frerichs. (1996) COMMUNICATOR ANXIETY: A COMPARISON OF 2‐ AND 4‐YEAR COLLEGE STUDENTS. Community College Journal of Research and Practice 20:4, pages 325-332.
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Joe Ayres. (1996) Speech preparation processes and speech apprehension. Communication Education 45:3, pages 228-235.
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Joan O'Mara, JerryL. Allen, KathleenM. Long & Ben Judd. (1996) Communication apprehension, nonverbal immediacy, and negative expectations for learning. Communication Research Reports 13:1, pages 109-128.
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Joe Ayres, Noelle Colby‐Rotell, Paul Mark Wadleigh & Tim Hopf. (1996) Measuring patients' communication apprehension about interacting with physicians: Instrument development. Communication Research Reports 13:1, pages 86-93.
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StevenA. McCornack, TimothyR. Levine, Kelly Morrison & Maria Lapinski. (1996) Speaking of information manipulation: A critical rejoinder. Communication Monographs 63:1, pages 83-92.
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Mike Allen & John Bourhis. (1996) The relationship of communication apprehension to communication behavior: A meta‐analysis. Communication Quarterly 44:2, pages 214-226.
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Joe Ayres & Tim Hopf. (1995) An assessment of the role of communication apprehension in communicating with the terminally ill. Communication Research Reports 12:2, pages 227-234.
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JohnH. Powers. (1995) On the intellectual structure of the human communication discipline. Communication Education 44:3, pages 191-222.
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Joe Ayres. (1995) Comparing self‐constructed visualization scripts with guided visualization. Communication Reports 8:2, pages 193-199.
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Joe Ayres, DebbieM. Ayres, Gary Grudzinskas, Tim Hopf, Erin Kelly & A. Kathleen Wilcox. (1995) A component analysis of performance visualization. Communication Reports 8:2, pages 185-192.
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Tim Hopf, Frances Ayres, Joe Ayres & Bonnie Baker$suffix/text()$suffix/text(). (1995) Does self‐help material work? Testing a manual designed to help trainers construct public speaking apprehension reduction workshops. Communication Research Reports 12:1, pages 34-38.
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Melanie Booth‐Butterfield & CarolC. Thomas. (1995) Communication apprehension among secretarial students. Communication Reports 8:1, pages 38-44.
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Veronica Lynn Gibbs, LawrenceB. Rosenfeld & Manoochehr Javidi. (1994) On‐the‐job relationships among self‐reported oral communication apprehension, job satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behaviors. Communication Research Reports 11:2, pages 209-220.
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Melanie Booth‐Butterfield & Steve Booth‐Butterfield. (1994) Communication anxiety and signing effectiveness: Testing an interference model among deaf communicators. Journal of Applied Communication Research 22:3, pages 273-286.
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Joe Ayres, Tim Hopf & DebbieM. Ayres. (1994) An examination of whether imaging ability enhances the effectiveness of an intervention designed to reduce speech anxiety. Communication Education 43:3, pages 252-258.
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Guo-Ming Chen. (1994) Social Desirability as a Predictor of Argumentativeness and Communication Apprehension. The Journal of Psychology 128:4, pages 433-438.
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WalterR. Zakahi, RobertL. Duran & Mark Adkins. (1994) Social anxiety, only skin deep? The relationship between ratings of physical attractiveness and social anxiety. Communication Research Reports 11:1, pages 23-31.
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MichaelJ. Beatty & JeanA. Dobos. (1993) Mediated effects of adult males’ perceived confirmation from father on relational partners’ communication apprehension. Southern Communication Journal 58:3, pages 207-214.
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KevinL. Hutchinson & JamesW. Neuliep. (1993) Commentary: Second thoughts about the measurement of communication apprehension at the elementary school level. Communication Reports 6:2, pages 122-126.
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Joe Ayres, DebbieM. Ayres & Diane Sharp. (1993) A progress report on the development of an instrument to measure communication apprehension in employment interviews. Communication Research Reports 10:1, pages 85-94.
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Joe Ayres, FrancesE. Ayres, AlanL. Baker, Noelle Colby, Camille De Blasi, Debbie Dimke, Lonetta Docken, Janell Grubb, Tim Hopf, RichardD. Mueller, Diane Sharp & A. Kathleen Wilcox. (1993) Two empirical tests of a videotape designed to reduce public speaking anxiety. Journal of Applied Communication Research 21:2, pages 132-147.
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Noelle Colby, Tim Hopf & Joe Ayres. (1993) Nice to meet you? Inter/intrapersonal perceptions of communication apprehension in initial interactions. Communication Quarterly 41:2, pages 221-230.
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Melanie Booth‐Butterfield & Steve Booth‐Butterfield. (1993) The role of cognitive “performance orientation” in communication anxiety. Communication Quarterly 41:2, pages 198-209.
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Tim Hopf & Noelle Colby. (1992) The relationship between interpersonal communication apprehension and self‐efficacy. Communication Research Reports 9:2, pages 131-135.
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JamesW. Chesebro, JamesC. McCroskey, DeborahF. Atwater, ReneM. Bahrenfuss, Gordon Cawelti, JamesL. Gaudino & Helene Hodges. (1992) Communication apprehension and self‐perceived communication competence of at‐risk students. Communication Education 41:4, pages 345-360.
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Steven Booth‐Butterfield, Nina Mosher & David Mollish. (1992) Teacher immediacy and student involvement: A dual process analysis. Communication Research Reports 9:1, pages 13-21.
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MichaelJ. Beatty & JeanA. Dobos. (1992) Adult sons' satisfaction with their relationships with fathers and person‐group (father) communication apprehension. Communication Quarterly 40:2, pages 162-176.
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Joe Ayres & Tim Hopf. (1992) Visualization: Reducing speech anxiety and enhancing performance. Communication Reports 5:1, pages 1-10.
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JamesC. McCroskey. (1992) Reliability and validity of the willingness to communicate scale. Communication Quarterly 40:1, pages 16-25.
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Mike Allen & Nancy Burrell. (1992) Evaluating The Believability of Sequential Arguments. Argumentation and Advocacy 28:3, pages 135-144.
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Joe Ayres & Tim Hopf. (1991) Visualization: The next generation. Communication Research Reports 8:2, pages 133-140.
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TimothyR. Levine & StevenA. McCornack. (1991) The dark side of trust: Conceptualizing and measuring types of communicative suspicion. Communication Quarterly 39:4, pages 325-340.
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