Advanced search
Publication Cover
Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media Volume 36, 1992 - Issue 2
Submit an article Journal homepage
555
Views
115
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Psychometric: TV that talks back: An experimental validation of a parasocial interaction scale

Philip J. Auter Ph.D. candidate in the College of Communications, University of Kentucky,
Pages 173-181 | Accepted 01 Dec 1991, Published online: 18 May 2009

Citations (115)

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Subscribe to citation updates

Read on this site (31)

Wenyu Dou, Jintao Wu, Ming Yan & Junyi Tang. (2023) Impact of influencers’ influencing strategy on follower outcomes: evidence from China. Asia Pacific Business Review 0:0, pages 1-26.
Read now
Soontae An & Sieun Ha. (2023) When influencers promote unhealthy products and behaviours: the role of ad disclosures in YouTube eating shows. International Journal of Advertising 42:3, pages 542-561.
Read now
Michelle Möri, Perina Siegenthaler & Andreas Fahr. (2022) Feeling pressured by health prevention campaigns as a motivational force: Examining the role of visual and verbal mode design features. Health Marketing Quarterly 39:4, pages 337-355.
Read now
Daniela Schlütz & Imke Hedder. (2022) Aural Parasocial Relations: Host–Listener Relationships in Podcasts. Journal of Radio & Audio Media 29:2, pages 457-474.
Read now
Alex P. Leith. (2021) Parasocial cues: The ubiquity of parasocial relationships on Twitch. Communication Monographs 88:1, pages 111-129.
Read now
Shupei Yuan & Chen Lou. (2020) How Social Media Influencers Foster Relationships with Followers: The Roles of Source Credibility and Fairness in Parasocial Relationship and Product Interest. Journal of Interactive Advertising 20:2, pages 133-147.
Read now
Sooyoung Choi, Insin Kim, Kyungsoo Cha, Yong-Kun Suh & Keun-Hyung Kim. (2019) Travelers’ parasocial interactions in online travel communities. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 36:8, pages 888-904.
Read now
Senhui Fu, Yong Xu & Qing Yan. (2019) Enhancing the parasocial interaction relationship between consumers through similarity effects in the context of social commerce. Journal of Strategic Marketing 27:2, pages 100-118.
Read now
Jonathan Cohen, Mary Beth Oliver & Helena Bilandzic. (2019) The Differential Effects of Direct Address on Parasocial Experience and Identification: Empirical Evidence for Conceptual Difference. Communication Research Reports 36:1, pages 78-83.
Read now
Bryan A. Brown & Kareem Edouard. (2017) Looks Like Me, Sounds Like Me! Race, Culture, and Language in the Creation of Digital Media. Equity & Excellence in Education 50:4, pages 400-420.
Read now
Karolien Driesmans, Laura Vandenbosch & Steven Eggermont. (2016) True love lasts forever: the influence of a popular teenage movie on Belgian girls’ romantic beliefs. Journal of Children and Media 10:3, pages 304-320.
Read now
Eric E Rasmussen & David R. Ewoldsen. (2016) Treatment via Television: The Relation Between Watching Dr. Phil and Viewers’ Intentions to Seek Mental Health Treatment. Journal of Health Communication 21:6, pages 611-619.
Read now
Bradford L. Yates. (2015) It's Social, Not Parasocial: Understanding the Impact of the Internet on Building Community Among Bruce Springsteen Fans. Atlantic Journal of Communication 23:5, pages 254-268.
Read now
Jonas Colliander & Susanna Erlandsson. (2015) The blog and the bountiful: Exploring the effects of disguised product placement on blogs that are revealed by a third party. Journal of Marketing Communications 21:2, pages 110-124.
Read now
Shane M. Semmler, Travis Loof & Collin Berke. (2015) The Influence of Audio-Only Character Narration on Character and Narrative Engagement. Communication Research Reports 32:1, pages 63-72.
Read now
Bradley J. Bond & Sandra L. Calvert. (2014) A Model and Measure of US Parents' Perceptions of Young Children's Parasocial Relationships. Journal of Children and Media 8:3, pages 286-304.
Read now
Riva Tukachinsky. (2014) Experimental Manipulation of Psychological Involvement with Media. Communication Methods and Measures 8:1, pages 1-33.
Read now
Riva Tukachinsky & Robert S. Tokunaga. (2013) 10 The Effects of Engagement with Entertainment. Annals of the International Communication Association 37:1, pages 287-322.
Read now
Keren Eyal & RenéM. Dailey. (2012) Examining Relational Maintenance in Parasocial Relationships. Mass Communication and Society 15:5, pages 758-781.
Read now
Sung-Yeon Park. (2012) Mediated Intergroup Contact: Concept Explication, Synthesis, and Application. Mass Communication and Society 15:1, pages 136-159.
Read now
CarolynA. Lin. (2010) Satellite Radio Adoption Demand: Consumer Beliefs, Attitudes and Intentions. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 54:2, pages 265-281.
Read now
Juliann Cortese & AlanM. Rubin. (2010) Uses and Gratifications of Television Home Shopping. Atlantic Journal of Communication 18:2, pages 89-109.
Read now
Charles Soukup. (2006) Hitching a Ride on a Star: Celebrity, Fandom, and Identification on the World Wide Web. Southern Communication Journal 71:4, pages 319-337.
Read now
Edward Schiappa, PeterB. Gregg & DeanE. Hewes. (2006) Can One TV Show Make a Difference?a Will & Grace and the Parasocial Contact Hypothesis. Journal of Homosexuality 51:4, pages 15-37.
Read now
Keren Eyal & Jonathan Cohen. (2006) When Good Friends Say Goodbye: A Parasocial Breakup Study. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 50:3, pages 502-523.
Read now
Kjerstin S. Thorson & Shelly Rodgers. (2006) Relationships Between Blogs as EWOM and Interactivity, Perceived Interactivity, and Parasocial Interaction. Journal of Interactive Advertising 6:2, pages 5-44.
Read now
Rebecca M. Chory-Assad & Ashley Yanen. (2005) Hopelessness and Loneliness as Predictors of Older Adults' Involvement With Favorite Television Performers. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 49:2, pages 182-201.
Read now
David C. Giles. (2002) Parasocial Interaction: A Review of the Literature and a Model for Future Research. Media Psychology 4:3, pages 279-305.
Read now
Jonathan Cohen. (2001) Defining Identification: A Theoretical Look at the Identification of Audiences With Media Characters. Mass Communication and Society 4:3, pages 245-264.
Read now
Jinshi Tsao. (1996) Compensatory media use: An exploration of two paradigms. Communication Studies 47:1-2, pages 89-109.
Read now
JohnR. Turner. (1993) Interpersonal and psychological predictors of parasocial interaction with different television performers. Communication Quarterly 41:4, pages 443-453.
Read now

Articles from other publishers (84)

Rachel Esther Lim & So Young Lee. (2023) “You are a virtual influencer!”: Understanding the impact of origin disclosure and emotional narratives on parasocial relationships and virtual influencer credibility. Computers in Human Behavior 148, pages 107897.
Crossref
Türker SÖĞÜTLÜLER & Osman ADAY. (2023) From the Movie Screen to the Mobile Screen: The Effects of Changing Screen Usage on the AudienceBeyaz Perdeden Mobil Ekranlara: Değişen Ekran Kullanımlarının İzleyici Üzerindeki Etkileri. Medya ve Kültürel Çalışmalar Dergisi 5:2, pages 44-61.
Crossref
Valeria Penttinen. (2023) Hi, I’m taking over this account! Leveraging social media takeovers in fostering consumer-brand relationships. Journal of Business Research 165, pages 114030.
Crossref
Perina Siegenthaler, Tanja Aegerter & Andreas Fahr. (2021) A Longitudinal Study on the Effects of Parasocial Relationships and Breakups With Characters of a Health-Related TV Show on Self-Efficacy and Exercise Behavior: The Case of The Biggest Loser. Communication & Sport 11:4, pages 744-769.
Crossref
Crystal Abidin & Jin Lee. (2023) K-pop TikTok: TikTok's expansion into South Korea, TikTok Stage, and platformed glocalization. Media International Australia 188:1, pages 86-111.
Crossref
Biao Gao. (2023) Understanding smart education continuance intention in a delayed benefit context: An integration of sensory stimuli, UTAUT, and flow theory. Acta Psychologica 234, pages 103856.
Crossref
Gong Chen, Yi Li & Ya Sun. (2023) How YouTubers Make Popular Marketing Videos? Speech Acts, Move Structure, and Audience Response in YouTube Influencer Marketing Videos. SAGE Open 13:1, pages 215824402311522.
Crossref
Bo-Chiuan Su, Li-Wei Wu & Ji-Ping Wu. (2022) Exploring the Characteristics of YouTubers and Their Influence on Viewers’ Purchase Intention: A Viewers’ Pseudo-Social Interaction Perspective. Sustainability 15:1, pages 550.
Crossref
Pierre de Bérail & Catherine Bungener. (2022) Favorite YouTubers as a source of health information during quarantine: viewers trust their favorite YouTubers with health information. Social Network Analysis and Mining 12:1.
Crossref
Huawen Shen, Chen Zhao, Daisy X.F. Fan & Dimitrios Buhalis. (2022) The effect of hotel livestreaming on viewers’ purchase intention: Exploring the role of parasocial interaction and emotional engagement. International Journal of Hospitality Management 107, pages 103348.
Crossref
Mehdi Hassanzadeh, Mohammad Taheri, Sajjad Shokouhyar & Sina Shokoohyar. (2022) Who one is, whom one knows? Evaluating the importance of personal and social characteristics of influential people in social networks. Aslib Journal of Information Management.
Crossref
Hamza Kaka Abdul Wahab, Meng Tao, Anushree Tandon, Muhammad Ashfaq & Amandeep Dhir. (2022) Social media celebrities and new world order. What drives purchasing behavior among social media followers?. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 68, pages 103076.
Crossref
Wenchi Zhang. (2022) Understanding gift-giving in game live streaming on Douyu: An evaluation of PSR/social presence. Frontiers in Psychology 13.
Crossref
Mu Hu, Bingqing Zhang, Yinghe Shen, Jing Guo & Shuwen Wang. (2021) Dancing on My Own: Parasocial Love, Romantic Loneliness, and Imagined Interaction. Imagination, Cognition and Personality 41:4, pages 415-438.
Crossref
Justine Rapp Farrell, Colin Campbell & Sean Sands. (2022) What Drives Consumers To Engage with Influencers?. Journal of Advertising Research 62:1, pages 35-48.
Crossref
Hisashi Masuda, Spring H. Han & Jungwoo Lee. (2022) Impacts of influencer attributes on purchase intentions in social media influencer marketing: Mediating roles of characterizations. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 174, pages 121246.
Crossref
Alexander Godulla. 2022. Schlüsselwerke: Theorien (in) der Kommunikationswissenschaft. Schlüsselwerke: Theorien (in) der Kommunikationswissenschaft 13 26 .
Caitlin McLaughlin & Donghee Yvette Wohn. (2021) Predictors of parasocial interaction and relationships in live streaming. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies 27:6, pages 1714-1734.
Crossref
Nu'man Mubarak, Andriani Kusumawati & Kusdi Raharjo. (2021) Menggali peran digital fitness influencer terhadap parasocial interaction dan fan citizenship behaviour. Jurnal Studi Komunikasi (Indonesian Journal of Communications Studies) 5:3, pages 764-790.
Crossref
Ding Xu, Tingzhen Chen, John Pearce, Zohre Mohammadi & Philip L. Pearce. (2021) Reaching audiences through travel vlogs: The perspective of involvement. Tourism Management 86, pages 104326.
Crossref
Desirée Schmuck. (2021) Following Social Media Influencers in Early Adolescence: Fear of Missing Out, Social Well-Being and Supportive Communication with Parents. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 26:5, pages 245-264.
Crossref
Eugene Cheng-Xi Aw & Stephanie Hui-Wen Chuah. (2021) “Stop the unattainable ideal for an ordinary me!” fostering parasocial relationships with social media influencers: The role of self-discrepancy. Journal of Business Research 132, pages 146-157.
Crossref
Yadvinder Parmar & Bikram Jit Singh Mann. (2021) Consumer–Celebrity Parasocial Interaction: A Conditional Process Analysis. Global Business Review, pages 097215092110103.
Crossref
Hayat Ayar Senturk. 2021. Handbook of Research on Technology Applications for Effective Customer Engagement. Handbook of Research on Technology Applications for Effective Customer Engagement 197 214 .
Elena Cuevas-Molano, Luis Matosas-Lopez & Cesar Bernal-Bravo. (2021) Factors Increasing Consumer Engagement of Branded Content in Instagram. IEEE Access 9, pages 143531-143548.
Crossref
Mirjam Vosmeer & Christian Roth. 2021. Interactive Storytelling. Interactive Storytelling 435 444 .
Gözde AYTULUN & Ayda BÜYÜKŞAHİN SUNAL. (2020) Medya Karakterleriyle Kurulan Parasosyal EtkileşimParasocial Interaction with Media Characters. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar 12:4, pages 494-506.
Crossref
Daniela M. Schlütz, Daniel Possler & Lucas Golombek. (2020) “Is He Talking to Me?”. Projections 14:2, pages 1-25.
Crossref
Keren Eyal, Tali Te'eni-Harari & Keshet Katz. (2020) A content analysis of teen-favored celebrities' posts on social networking sites: Implications for parasocial relationships and fame-valuation. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace 14:2.
Crossref
Keren Eyal, Tali Te'eni-Harari & Keshet Katz. (2020) A content analysis of teen-favored celebrities' posts on social networking sites: Implications for parasocial relationships and fame-valuation. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace 14:2.
Crossref
Laura H. Crosswell & Meghan S. Sanders. 2020. The Handbook of Applied Communication Research. The Handbook of Applied Communication Research 183 196 .
Christopher M Bingham. (2017) Talking about Twitch: Dropped Frames and a normative theory of new media production . Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies 26:2, pages 269-286.
Crossref
Tracy R. Gleason, Sally A. Theran & Emily M. Newberg. (2019) Connections Between Adolescents’ Parasocial Interactions and Recollections of Childhood Imaginative Activities. Imagination, Cognition and Personality 39:3, pages 241-260.
Crossref
Sabina Lissitsa & Nonna Kushnirovich. (2019) Is negative the new positive? Secondary transfer effect of exposure to LGBT portrayals in TV entertainment programs. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 50:2, pages 115-130.
Crossref
Juergen Gnoth. 2020. Perspektiven des Dienstleistungsmanagements. Perspektiven des Dienstleistungsmanagements 33 50 .
Chen Lou & Hye Kyung Kim. (2019) Fancying the New Rich and Famous? Explicating the Roles of Influencer Content, Credibility, and Parental Mediation in Adolescents’ Parasocial Relationship, Materialism, and Purchase Intentions. Frontiers in Psychology 10.
Crossref
Pierre de Bérail, Marlène Guillon & Catherine Bungener. (2019) The relations between YouTube addiction, social anxiety and parasocial relationships with YouTubers: A moderated-mediation model based on a cognitive-behavioral framework. Computers in Human Behavior 99, pages 190-204.
Crossref
Riva Tukachinsky & Gayle Stever. (2019) Theorizing Development of Parasocial Engagement. Communication Theory 29:3, pages 209-230.
Crossref
Katharine Jones & Mark Glynn. (2019) How children use social media for brand interactions. Young Consumers 20:2.
Crossref
Mary Beth Oliver, Helena Bilandzic, Jonathan Cohen, Arienne Ferchaud, Drew D Shade, Erica J Bailey & Chun Yang. (2019) A Penchant for the Immoral: Implications of Parasocial Interaction, Perceived Complicity, and Identification on Liking of Anti-Heroes. Human Communication Research 45:2, pages 169-201.
Crossref
Naomi Ruth Aguiar, Melissa N. Richards, Bradley J. Bond, Kaitlin L. Brunick & Sandra L. Calvert. (2018) Parents’ Perceptions of Their Children’s Parasocial Relationships: The Recontact Study. Imagination, Cognition and Personality 38:3, pages 221-249.
Crossref
Catalina González-Cabrera & Juan-José Igartua Perosanz. (2018) Formatos narrativos para la prevención del embarazo. Efecto de la modalidad narrativa en las actitudes de prevención. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social:73, pages 1444-1468.
Crossref
Donghee Yvette Wohn, Guo Freeman & Caitlin McLaughlin. (2018) Explaining Viewers' Emotional, Instrumental, and Financial Support Provision for Live Streamers. Explaining Viewers' Emotional, Instrumental, and Financial Support Provision for Live Streamers.
Jonathan Cohen & Nurit Tal-Or. 2017. Narrative Absorption. Narrative Absorption 133 153 .
Yue Ding & Lingyun Qiu. (2017) The impact of celebrity-following activities on endorsement effectiveness on microblogging platforms. Nankai Business Review International 8:2, pages 158-173.
Crossref
Siyoung Chung & Hichang Cho. (2017) Fostering Parasocial Relationships with Celebrities on Social Media: Implications for Celebrity Endorsement. Psychology & Marketing 34:4, pages 481-495.
Crossref
Tracy R. Gleason, Sally A. Theran & Emily M. Newberg. (2017) Parasocial Interactions and Relationships in Early Adolescence. Frontiers in Psychology 8.
Crossref
Víctor Aertsen. (2017) La simpatía hacia los personajes de ficción: un examen de los factores implicados desde la psicología social y la teoría fílmica cognitiva. Doxa Comunicación. Revista interdisciplinar de estudios de comunicación y ciencias sociales, pages 107-128.
Crossref
Hsiu-Chia KoWen-Ning Wu. (2017) Exploring the determinants of viewers' loyalty toward beauty YouTubers. Exploring the determinants of viewers' loyalty toward beauty YouTubers.
Li Xiang, Xiabing Zheng, Matthew K.O. Lee & Dingtao Zhao. (2016) Exploring consumers’ impulse buying behavior on social commerce platform: The role of parasocial interaction. International Journal of Information Management 36:3, pages 333-347.
Crossref
석승혜 & 조성남. (2016) Celebrity Use Motivation and the Formation of Social Identity among SNS Users. Ewha Journal of Social Sciences 32:1, pages 119-158.
Crossref
Chih-Ping Chen. (2014) Forming digital self and parasocial relationships on YouTube. Journal of Consumer Culture 16:1, pages 232-254.
Crossref
Jayson L. Dibble, Tilo Hartmann & Sarah F. Rosaen. (2016) Parasocial Interaction and Parasocial Relationship: Conceptual Clarification and a Critical Assessment of Measures. Human Communication Research 42:1, pages 21-44.
Crossref
Daniela SchlützDaniela Schlütz. 2016. Quality-TV als Unterhaltungsphänomen. Quality-TV als Unterhaltungsphänomen 173 255 .
Linjuan Rita Men & Wan-Hsiu Sunny Tsai. (2015) Infusing social media with humanity: Corporate character, public engagement, and relational outcomes. Public Relations Review 41:3, pages 395-403.
Crossref
Paul W Ballantine & Cara Au Yeung. (2015) The effects of review valence in organic versus sponsored blog sites on perceived credibility, brand attitude, and behavioural intentions. Marketing Intelligence & Planning 33:4, pages 508-521.
Crossref
仙 凤. (2015) Para-Social Interaction and Science Communication—Under the Analysis of Sina Microblog @Yutu. Journalism and Communications 03:02, pages 30-38.
Crossref
Lauren I. Labrecque. 2015. Marketing Dynamism & Sustainability: Things Change, Things Stay the Same…. Marketing Dynamism & Sustainability: Things Change, Things Stay the Same… 487 488 .
Sheila Yvonne Jayasainan, Nurzihan Hassim & Nur Leila Khalid. (2014) An Analysis of Youth Perception on Women in a Malay Romance Film. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 155, pages 422-427.
Crossref
R. Glenn Cummins & Boni Cui. (2014) Reconceptualizing Address in Television Programming: The Effect of Address and Affective Empathy on Viewer Experience of Parasocial Interaction. Journal of Communication 64:4, pages 723-742.
Crossref
Lauren I. Labrecque. (2014) Fostering Consumer–Brand Relationships in Social Media Environments: The Role of Parasocial Interaction. Journal of Interactive Marketing 28:2, pages 134-148.
Crossref
Robin L. Nabi, Jiyeon So & Theresa de los Santos. 2012. The International Encyclopedia of Media Studies. The International Encyclopedia of Media Studies.
Eun-Ju Lee & Soo Youn Oh. (2012) To Personalize or Depersonalize? When and How Politicians' Personalized Tweets Affect the Public's Reactions. Journal of Communication 62:6, pages 932-949.
Crossref
Jeana Frost, Nora Boukris & Peter Roelofsma. (2012) We like to move it move it!. We like to move it move it!.
Tao Sun & Guohua Wu. (2012) Influence of personality traits on parasocial relationship with sports celebrities: A hierarchical approach. Journal of Consumer Behaviour 11:2, pages 136-146.
Crossref
Tilo Hartmann & Charlotte Goldhoorn. (2011) Horton and Wohl Revisited: Exploring Viewers' Experience of Parasocial Interaction. Journal of Communication 61:6, pages 1104-1121.
Crossref
Rafael Currás‐Pérez, Carla Ruiz‐Mafé & Silvia Sanz‐Blas. (2011) What motivates consumers to teleshopping?. Marketing Intelligence & Planning 29:5, pages 534-555.
Crossref
Chae Mi Lim & Youn-Kyung Kim. (2011) Older consumers' Tv home shopping: Loneliness, parasocial interaction, and perceived convenience. Psychology and Marketing 28:8, pages 763-780.
Crossref
Rafael Currás-Pérez, María José Miquel-Romero, Carla Ruiz-Mafé & Silvia Sanz-Blas. 2011. Advances in Advertising Research (Vol. 2). Advances in Advertising Research (Vol. 2) 191 213 .
Adam Waytz, John Cacioppo & Nicholas Epley. (2010) Who Sees Human?. Perspectives on Psychological Science 5:3, pages 219-232.
Crossref
Deqiang Xin, Jianqi Mao & Min Liu. (2010) The Effects of Parasocial Relationships in the Adoption of Mobile Commerce Application: A Conceptual Model. The Effects of Parasocial Relationships in the Adoption of Mobile Commerce Application: A Conceptual Model.
Martha M. Lauzen & Douglas M. DeissJr.Jr.. (2008) Breaking the Fourth Wall and Sex Role Stereotypes: An Examination of the 2006–2007 Prime-Time Season. Sex Roles 60:5-6, pages 379-386.
Crossref
Dara N. Greenwood. (2008) Television as escape from self: Psychological predictors of media involvement. Personality and Individual Differences 44:2, pages 414-424.
Crossref
Philip J. AuterMohamed ArafaKhalid Al-Jaber. (2016) Identifying with Arabic Journalists. Gazette (Leiden, Netherlands) 67:2, pages 189-204.
Crossref
Katrin DövelingKatrin Döveling. 2005. Emotionen — Medien — Gemeinschaft. Emotionen — Medien — Gemeinschaft 52 176 .
Suruchi Sood. (2002) Audience Involvement and Entertainment?Education. Communication Theory 12:2, pages 153-172.
Crossref
Michael J. Papa, Arvind Singhal, Sweety Law, Saumya Pant, Suruchi Sood, Everett M. Rogers & Corinne L. Shefner-Rogers. (2000) Entertainment-Education and Social Change: An Analysis of Parasocial Interaction, Social Learning, Collective Efficacy, and Paradoxical Communication. Journal of Communication 50:4, pages 31-55.
Crossref
Trim ColeLaura Leets. (2016) Attachment Styles and Intimate Television Viewing: Insecurely Forming Relationships in a Parasocial Way. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 16:4, pages 495-511.
Crossref
. 1999. Advertising and the World Wide Web. Advertising and the World Wide Web 145 158 .
STEPHANIE A. SKUMANICH & DAVID P. KINTSFATHER. (2016) Individual Media Dependency Relations Within Television Shopping Programming. Communication Research 25:2, pages 200-219.
Crossref
Uli Gleich. 1997. New Horizons in Media Psychology. New Horizons in Media Psychology 35 55 .
Stefan Jenzowsky. 1996. Fernsehen als „Beziehungskiste“. Fernsehen als „Beziehungskiste“ 67 72 .
Uli Gleich. 1996. Fernsehen als „Beziehungskiste“. Fernsehen als „Beziehungskiste“ 113 144 .
Abir Hassan. (2013) Impediments of Industrialization in Developing Nations. SSRN Electronic Journal.
Crossref

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.