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Accountability in Research
Ethics, Integrity and Policy
Volume 7, 1999 - Issue 1
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Original Articles

Guinea Pigs on the payroll: The ethics of paying research subjects

Trudo Lemmens Assistant Professor, Faculty of Law; Department of Medical Genetics and Microbiology; and Joint Centre for Bioethics, University of Toronto, 88 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L4 Phone: 416–9781910 Fax: 416–9781910 E-mail: [email protected].
&
Carl Elliott Associate Professor, Center for Bioethics and Departments of Pediatrics and Philosophy, University of Minnesota
Pages 3-20 | Published online: 11 Jun 2008

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Rajesh Ranjan, Nidhi Bharal Agarwal, Prem Kapur, Amit Marwah & Rizwana Parveen. (2019) Factors Influencing Participation Of Healthy Volunteers In Clinical Trials: Findings From A Cross-Sectional Study In Delhi, North India. Patient Preference and Adherence 13, pages 2007-2015.
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Erik Malmqvist. (2019) “Paid to Endure”: Paid Research Participation, Passivity, and the Goods of Work. The American Journal of Bioethics 19:9, pages 11-20.
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David B Resnik. (2015) Bioethical issues in providing financial incentives to research participants. Medicolegal and Bioethics 5, pages 35-41.
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SarahJ. L. Edwards. (2011) Assessing the Remedy: The Case for Contracts in Clinical Trials. The American Journal of Bioethics 11:4, pages 3-12.
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P. W. Geissler. (2011) ‘TRANSPORT TO WHERE?’. Journal of Cultural Economy 4:1, pages 45-64.
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Rosamond Rhodes. (2010) Rethinking Research Ethics. The American Journal of Bioethics 10:10, pages 19-36.
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AdilE. Shamoo & DavidB. Resnik. (2006) Strategies to Minimize Risks and Exploitation in Phase One Trials on Healthy Subjects* . The American Journal of Bioethics 6:3, pages W1-W13.
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Ari VanderWalde. (2005) Undue Inducement: The Only Objection to Payment?. The American Journal of Bioethics 5:5, pages 25-27.
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Ezekiel J. Emanuel$suffix/text()$suffix/text(). (2005) Undue Inducement: Nonsense on Stilts?. The American Journal of Bioethics 5:5, pages 9-13.
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Rosamond Rhodes. (2005) Response to Commentators on “Rethinking Research Ethics”. The American Journal of Bioethics 5:1, pages W15-W18.
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Rosamond Rhodes. (2005) Rethinking Research Ethics. The American Journal of Bioethics 5:1, pages 7-28.
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Articles from other publishers (48)

Pavan Mallur, Allison Ikeda, Anju Patel, Nikhila Raol, Adaobi Ahanotu, Dany Suarez‐Goris, Gregory W. Randolph & Jennifer J. Shin. (2023) Evidence‐Based Medicine in Otolaryngology Part 14: Falsehood and Bias. Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 168:6, pages 1584-1595.
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Huichuan Xia. (2023) Undue Influence or Exploitation — A Qualitative Inquiry into an Ethical Dilemma Around Payment in Crowd Work-Based Research in the U.S.. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW).
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Ritva Rissanen. (2022) A snapshot of an eCohort: A comparison of the LifeGene population at baseline with the Swedish general population. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 50:7, pages 930-934.
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Joanna Różyńska. (2022) The ethical anatomy of payment for research participants. Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 25:3, pages 449-464.
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Eileen Moyer, Rufus Baas & Fortunate Shabalala. (2022) Social complexities of informed consent and assent among young males undergoing voluntary medical male circumcision in Eswatini. BMJ Global Health 7:5, pages e007918.
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Basel Abdelazeem, Kirellos Said Abbas, Mostafa Atef Amin, Nahla Ahmed El-Shahat, Bilal Malik, Atefeh Kalantary & Mostafa Eltobgy. (2022) The effectiveness of incentives for research participation: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLOS ONE 17:4, pages e0267534.
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Marci D Cottingham & Jill A Fisher. (2022) Gendered Logics of Biomedical Research: Women in U.S. Phase I Clinical Trials. Social Problems 69:2, pages 492-509.
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Corey A. Kalbaugh, Julianne M. Kalbaugh, Lisa McManus & Jill A. Fisher. (2021) Healthy volunteers in US phase I clinical trials: Sociodemographic characteristics and participation over time. PLOS ONE 16:9, pages e0256994.
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Jill A Fisher, Lisa McManus, Julianne M Kalbaugh & Rebecca L Walker. (2021) Phase I trial compensation: How much do healthy volunteers actually earn from clinical trial enrollment?. Clinical Trials 18:4, pages 477-487.
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Zejuan Wang, Gang Chen, Xiaona Liu, Chen Liu, Qingkun Song & Jin Wang. (2020) The motivations, barriers, and sociodemographic characteristics of healthy Chinese volunteers in phase I research. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 77:4, pages 557-568.
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Joanna Różyńska. (2018) What makes clinical labour different? The case of human guinea pigging. Journal of Medical Ethics 44:9, pages 638-642.
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Matt Lamkin & Carl Elliott. (2021) Avoiding Exploitation in Phase I Clinical Trials: More than (Un)Just Compensation. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 46:1, pages 52-63.
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David B. ResnikDavid B. Resnik. 2018. The Ethics of Research with Human Subjects. The Ethics of Research with Human Subjects 113 147 .
Stephanie C Chen, Ninet Sinaii, Gabriella Bedarida, Mark A Gregorio, Ezekiel Emanuel & Christine Grady. (2017) Phase 1 healthy volunteer willingness to participate and enrollment preferences. Clinical Trials 14:5, pages 537-546.
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Shadreck MwaleShadreck Mwale. 2017. Healthy Volunteers in Commercial Clinical Drug Trials. Healthy Volunteers in Commercial Clinical Drug Trials 25 46 .
Shadreck MwaleShadreck Mwale. 2017. Healthy Volunteers in Commercial Clinical Drug Trials. Healthy Volunteers in Commercial Clinical Drug Trials 1 24 .
Quentin Luzurier, Cédric Damm, Fabien Lion, Carine Daniel, Lucille Pellerin & Marie-Pierre Tavolacci. (2015) Strategy for recruitment and factors associated with motivation and satisfaction in a randomized trial with 210 healthy volunteers without financial compensation. BMC Medical Research Methodology 15:1.
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Khaled El Emam, Hanna Farah, Saeed Samet, Aleksander Essex, Elizabeth Jonker, Murat Kantarcioglu & Craig C. Earle. (2015) A privacy preserving protocol for tracking participants in phase I clinical trials. Journal of Biomedical Informatics 57, pages 145-162.
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Ezekiel J. EmanuelSteven JoffeChristine GradyDavid WendlerGovind Persad. (2015) Clinical research: Should patients pay to play?. Science Translational Medicine 7:298.
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Sonia Mansoldo Dainesi & Moisés Goldbaum. (2014) Reasons behind the participation in biomedical research: a brief review. Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia 17:4, pages 842-851.
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Melinda Cooper & Catherine Waldby. 2014. Clinical Labor. Clinical Labor 243 271 .
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Charlene Y Senn, Misha Eliasziw, Paula C Barata, Wilfreda E Thurston, Ian R Newby-Clark, H Lorraine Radtke & Karen L Hobden. (2013) Sexual assault resistance education for university women: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (SARE trial). BMC Women's Health 13:1.
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Kirsten Bell & Amy Salmon. (2011) What Women Who Use Drugs Have to Say about Ethical Research: Findings of an Exploratory Qualitative Study. Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics 6:4, pages 84-98.
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Janice C. Wong & Mark Bernstein. (2011) Payment of Research Subjects for More Than Minimal Risk Trials Is Unethical. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences 342:4, pages 294-296.
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Leanne Stunkel & Christine Grady. (2011) More than the money: A review of the literature examining healthy volunteer motivations. Contemporary Clinical Trials 32:3, pages 342-352.
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Ari VanderWalde & Seth Kurzban. (2021) Paying Human Subjects in Research: Where are We, How Did We Get Here, and Now What?. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 39:3, pages 543-558.
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M J Czarny, N E Kass, C Flexner, K A Carson, R K Myers & E J Fuchs. (2010) Payment to Healthy Volunteers in Clinical Research: The Research Subject's Perspective. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 87:3, pages 286-293.
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James M. DuBois, Catina Callahan O’Leary & Linda B. Cottler. (2009) The Attitudes of Females in Drug Court Toward Additional Safeguards in HIV Prevention Research. Prevention Science 10:4, pages 345-352.
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ANGELA BALLANTYNE. (2008) BENEFITS TO RESEARCH SUBJECTS IN INTERNATIONAL TRIALS: DO THEY REDUCE EXPLOITATION OR INCREASE UNDUE INDUCEMENT?. Developing World Bioethics 8:3, pages 178-191.
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Jacquelyn Slomka, Sheryl McCurdy, Eric A. Ratliff, Sandra Timpson & Mark L. Williams. (2007) Perceptions of Financial Payment for Research Participation among African-American Drug Users in HIV Studies. Journal of General Internal Medicine 22:10, pages 1403-1409.
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Craig L. Fry, Wayne Hall, Alison Ritter & Rebecca Jenkinson. (2016) The Ethics of Paying Drug Users Who Participate in Research: A Review and Practical Recommendations. Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics 1:4, pages 21-35.
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Trudo Lemmens & Paul B Miller. (2006) Regulating the Market in Human Research Participants. PLoS Medicine 3:8, pages e330.
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Ezekiel J Emanuel, Xolani E Currie & Allen Herman. (2005) Undue inducement in clinical research in developing countries: is it a worry?. The Lancet 366:9482, pages 336-340.
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Christine Grady, Neal Dickert, Tom Jawetz, Gary Gensler & Ezekiel Emanuel. (2005) An analysis of U.S. practices of paying research participants. Contemporary Clinical Trials 26:3, pages 365-375.
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Ezekiel J. Emanuel. (2016) Ending Concerns about Undue Inducement. The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 32:1, pages 100-105.
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Trudo Lemmens. (2021) Leopards in the Temple: Restoring Scientific Integrity to the Commercialized Research Scene. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 32:4, pages 641-657.
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Lainie Friedman Ross. (2003) Do healthy children deserve greater protection in medical research?. The Journal of Pediatrics 142:2, pages 108-112.
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Kathleen Cranley Glass & Trudo Lemmens. 1999. The Commercialization of Genetic Research. The Commercialization of Genetic Research 79 99 .
Holly Fernandez Lynch. (2013) Protecting Human Research Subjects as Human Research Workers. SSRN Electronic Journal.
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