Guinea Pigs on the payroll: The ethics of paying research subjects

References

• Aby , J. , Pheley , A.M. and Steinberg , P. 1996 . Motivation for participation in clinical trials of drugs for the treatment of asthma, seasonal allergic rhinitis, and perennial nonallergic rhinitis . Annals of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology , 76 : 348 – 354 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ackerman , T.F. 1989 . An ethical framework for the practice of paying research subjects . IRB: A Review of Human Subjects Research , 11 (4) : 1 – 4 .
   Google Scholar
• Bevan , E.G. , Chee , L.C. , McGhee , S.M. and McInnes , G.T. 1993 . Patients’ attitudes to participation in clinical trials . British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology , 35 : 204 – 207 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bigorra , J. and Baños , J.E. 1990 . Weight of financial reward in the decision by medical students and experienced healthy volunteers to participate in clinical trials . European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology , 38 (5) : 443 – 446 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassileth , B.R. , Lusk , E.J. , Miller , D.S. and Hurwitz , S. 1982 . Attitudes toward clinical trials among patients and the public . JAMA , 248 (8) : 968 – 970 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Code of Federal Regulations 46, Subpart A. Last revised 28 June 1991. Contact: Office for Protection of Research Risks, National Institutes of Health, 6100 Executive Blvd., Suite 3B01, Rockville, MD 20892–7507. Tel.: 301–496–7005.
   Google Scholar
• Colloff , P. 1997 . Biopimping . Details Magazine. , August : 96 – 99 .
   Google Scholar
• Council of International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS) in collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO) . 1993 . International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects , Geneva : CIOMS .
   Google Scholar
• Food and Drug Administration . 1989 . Information Sheets for IRBs and Clinical Investigators ,
   Google Scholar
• Food and Drug Administration . 1995 . Information Sheets for IRBs and Clinical Investigators , Rev. 10/1995.
   Google Scholar
• Feinberg , J. 1986 . Harm to Self , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Freedman , B. 1990 . Cohort‐specific consent: An honest approach to phase 1 clinical cancer studies . IRB: A Review of Human Subjects Research , 12 (1) : 5 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• Hassar , M. , Pocelinko , R. , Weintraub , M. , Nelson , D. , Thomas , G. and Lasagna , L. 1977 . Free‐living volunteer's motivations and attitudes toward pharmacologic studies in man . Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics , 21 (5) : 515 – 519 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Health Research Council of New Zealand . 1997 . Guidelines on Ethics in Health Research Auckland (on‐line at http://www.hrc.govt.nz/ethicgui.htm)
   Google Scholar
• Helms , R. Guinea Pig Zero: A Journal for Human Research Subjects Philadelphia, PA 19101 Self‐published quarterly at P.O. Box 32531,
   Google Scholar
• Jones , J.H. 1993 . Bad Blood , (2nd Edition) , New York : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jonsen , A.R. 1989 . The ethics of using human volunteers for high‐risk research . Journal of Infectious Diseases , 160 (2) : 205 – 208 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz , J. , Capron , A.M. and Glass , E.S. 1972 . Experimentation with Human Beings , New York : Russell Sage Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Macklin , R. 1981 . “Due”; and “undue”; inducements: On paying money to research subjects . IRB: A Review of Human Subjects Research , 3 (5) : 1 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• Macklin , R. 1989 . The paradoxical case of payment as benefit to research subjects . IRB: A Review of Human Subjects Research , 11 (6) : 1 – 3 .
   Google Scholar
• Marrow , D.J. 1996 . Swallowing bitter pills for pay: Trials of human guinea pigs . New York Times , 29 September : 1 10
   Google Scholar
• Mattson , M.E. , Curb , J.D. , McArdle , R. and the AMIS and BHAT Research Group . 1985 . Participation in a clinical trial: The patients’ point of view . Controlled Clinical Trials , 6 : 156 – 167 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McNeill , P. 1997 . Paying people to participate in research: Why not? . Bioethics , 11 (5) : 390 – 396 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medical Research Council of Canada . 1987 . Guidelines on Research Involving Human Subjects , Ottawa : Minister of Supply and Services Canada .
   Google Scholar
• Medical Research Council, Natural Sciences and Engineering Council and Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada . 1998 . Tri‐Council Policy Statement on Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans Ottawa
   Google Scholar
• Messier , E. 1997 . Dans le ventre du dragon: Cobaye humain: Un métier pour les pauvres . Journal l'Itinéraire Montréal , October : 21 22
   Google Scholar
• National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia . 1992 . Statement on Human Experimentation ,
   Google Scholar
• National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research . 1979 . The Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects Research , OPPR Reports
   Google Scholar
• Royal College of Physicians . 1986 . Research on healthy volunteers. A report of the Royal College of Physicians . Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London , 20 (4) : 243 – 257 .
   Google Scholar
• Royal College of Physicians . 1990 . Research involving patients . Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London , 24 (1) : 10 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• van Gelderen , C.E.M. , Savelkoul , T.J.F. , van Dokkum , W. and Meulenbelt , J. 1993 . Motives and perception of healthy volunteers who participate in experiments . European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology , 45 : 15 – 21 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vollman , J. and Winau , R. 1996 . The Prussian regulation of 1900: Early ethical standards for human experimentation in Germany . IRB: A Review of Human Subjects Research , 18 (4) : 9 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• Walzer , M. 1987 . Spheres of Justice , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Wertheimer , A. 1987 . Coercion , Princeton : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wilkinson , M. and Moore , A. 1997 . Inducement in research . Bioethics , 11 (5) : 373 – 389 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO) . 1995 . Guidelines for Good Clinical Practice , WHO Technical Report Series, No. 850 97 – 136 .
   Google Scholar
• Corresponding author: 88 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L4. Tel.: 416–9781910. Fax: 416–9781911. E‐mail: [email protected].
   Google Scholar