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AIDS Care
Psychological and Socio-medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV
Volume 12, 2000 - Issue 2
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Original Articles

A scale of optimism-scepticism in the context of HIV treatments

Pages 171-176 | Published online: 27 May 2010

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (21)

Kiffer G. Card, Heather L. Armstrong, Lu Wang, Nicanor Bacani, David M. Moore, Eric A. Roth, Robert S. Hogg & Nathan J. Lachowsky. (2020) Escape expectancies and sexualized substance use among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men. AIDS Care 32:12, pages 1489-1497.
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Sean P. Colyer, David M. Moore, Zishan Cui, Julia Zhu, Heather L. Armstrong, Matthew Taylor, Joshua Edward, Terry Howard, Chad Dickie, Gbolahan Olarewaju, Julio S.G Montaner, Robert S. Hogg, Eric A. Roth & Nathan J. Lachowsky. (2020) Crystal Methamphetamine Use and Initiation among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men Living with HIV in a Treatment as Prevention Environment. Substance Use & Misuse 55:14, pages 2428-2437.
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Brooke Cheng, Jordan M. Sang, Zishan Cui, Nicanor Bacani, Heather L. Armstrong, Julia Zhu, Julius Elefante, Gbolahan Olarewaju, Kiffer G. Card, Everett Blackwell, Nathan J. Lachowsky, Robert S. Hogg, Eric A. Roth & David M. Moore. (2020) Factors Associated with Cessation or Reduction of Methamphetamine Use among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men (gbMSM) in Vancouver Canada. Substance Use & Misuse 55:10, pages 1692-1701.
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Heather L. Armstrong, Eric Abella Roth, Ashleigh Rich, Nathan J. Lachowsky, Zishan Cui, Paul Sereda, Kiffer G. Card, Jody Jollimore, Terry Howard, David M. Moore & Robert S. Hogg. (2018) Associations between sexual partner number and HIV risk behaviors: implications for HIV prevention efforts in a Treatment as Prevention (TasP) environment. AIDS Care 30:10, pages 1290-1297.
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Patrick J. Murphy, Helena Garrido-Hernansaiz, Fiona Mulcahy & David Hevey. (2018) HIV-related stigma and optimism as predictors of anxiety and depression among HIV-positive men who have sex with men in the United Kingdom and Ireland. AIDS Care 30:9, pages 1173-1179.
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Eric Abella Roth, Zishan Cui, Ashleigh Rich, Nathan Lachowsky, Paul Sereda, Kiffer George Card, Jody Jollimore, Terry Howard, Heather Armstrong, David Moore & Robert Hogg. (2018) Seroadaptive Strategies of Vancouver Gay and Bisexual Men in a Treatment as Prevention Environment. Journal of Homosexuality 65:4, pages 524-539.
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Michael Evangeli, Krissie Ferris, Natalie M. Kenney, Laura L. E. Baker, Bethanie Jones & Abigail L. Wroe. (2018) A systematic review of psychological correlates of HIV testing intention. AIDS Care 30:1, pages 18-26.
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Ashleigh J. Rich, Nathan J. Lachowsky, Zishan Cui, Paul Sereda, Allan Lal, Robert Birch, Julio Montaner, David Moore, Robert S. Hogg & Eric A. Roth. (2016) Substance use, sexual behaviour and prevention strategies of Vancouver gay and bisexual men who recently attended group sex events. Culture, Health & Sexuality 18:4, pages 361-376.
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Sara Yeatman, Kathryn Dovel, Amy Conroy & Hazel Namadingo. (2013) HIV treatment optimism and its predictors among young adults in southern Malawi. AIDS Care 25:8, pages 1018-1025.
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Shayesta Dhalla, Gary Poole, Joel Singer, DavidM. Patrick & Thomas Kerr. (2012) Cognitive factors and willingness to participate in an HIV vaccine trial among HIV-positive injection drug users. Psychology, Health & Medicine 17:2, pages 223-234.
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DavidJ. Brennan, SethL. Welles, MichaelH. Miner, MichaelW. Ross, KennethH. Mayer, B.R. Simon Rosser & The Positive Connections Team. (2009) Development of a treatment optimism scale for HIV-positive gay and bisexual men. AIDS Care 21:9, pages 1090-1097.
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A. Kaida, G. Gray, F. I. Bastos, I. Andia, M. Maier, J. McIntyre, B. Grinsztejn, S. A. Strathdee, D. R. Bangsberg & R. Hogg. (2008) The relationship between HAART use and sexual activity among HIV-positive women of reproductive age in Brazil, South Africa, and Uganda. AIDS Care 20:1, pages 21-25.
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Sean Slavin, Juliet Richters & Susan Kippax. (2004) Understandings of risk among HIV seroconverters in Sydney. Health, Risk & Society 6:1, pages 39-52.
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Christina Knussen, Paul Flowers & Stephanie Church . (2004) The intentions of gay men in taking an HIV test . Culture, Health & Sexuality 6:1, pages 45-59.
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Paul Flowers, Christina Knussen & Stephanie Church. (2003) Psychosocial factors associated with hiv testing amongst scottish gay men . Psychology & Health 18:6, pages 739-752.
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Articles from other publishers (52)

Jordan M. Sang, David M. Moore, Lu Wang, Jason Chia, Junine Toy, Julio Montaner, Shayna Skakoon-Sparling, Joseph Cox, Gilles Lambert, Daniel Grace, Trevor A. Hart, Allan Lal, Jody Jollimore & Nathan J. Lachowsky. (2023) Examining the secondary impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on syndemic production and PrEP use among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (GBM) in Vancouver, Canada. BMC Public Health 23:1.
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Jordan M. Sang, Lu Wang, David M. Moore, Justin Barath, Allan Lal, Trevor A. Hart, Shayna Skakoon-Sparling, Syed W. Noor, Sarah Chown, Gilles Lambert, Joseph Cox, Jody Jollimore, Abbie Parlette, Herak Apelian, Daniel Grace & Nathan J. Lachowsky. (2023) Examining Associations Between Resilience and PrEP Use Among HIV-negative GBM in Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. AIDS and Behavior 27:9, pages 3109-3121.
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Shayna Skakoon‐Sparling, Kiffer G. Card, Jake R. Novick, Graham, W. Berlin, Nathan J. Lachowsky, Barry Adam, David J. Brennan, Jordan M. Sang, Syed W. Noor, Joseph Cox, David M. Moore, Daniel Grace, Cornel Grey, Emerich Daroya & Trevor A. Hart. (2022) The relevance of communal altruism for sexual minority men in contemporary contexts. Journal of Community Psychology 51:4, pages 1461-1478.
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Heather L. Armstrong, Julian Gitelman, Zishan Cui, Nicanor Bacani, Paul Sereda, Nathan J. Lachowsky, Kiffer G. Card, Jordan M. Sang, Henry F. Raymond, Julio Montaner, David Hall, Terry Howard, Mark Hull, Robert S. Hogg, Eric A. Roth & David M. Moore. (2022) Virological suppression among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men living with HIV in Vancouver, Canada: A longitudinal cohort study from 2012–2017. PLOS ONE 17:10, pages e0276596.
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Mamadou Yauck, Erica EM Moodie, Herak Apelian, Alain Fourmigue, Daniel Grace, Trevor Hart, Gilles Lambert & Joseph Cox. (2021) General regression methods for respondent-driven sampling data. Statistical Methods in Medical Research 30:9, pages 2105-2118.
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Jordan M. Sang, Lu Wang, David M. Moore, Nicanor Bacani, Terry Howard, Everett Blackwell, Allan Lal, Heather L. Armstrong, Kiffer G. Card, Richard Crosby, Eric A. Roth, Robert S. Hogg & Nathan J. Lachowsky. (2021) Undetectable or Unknown? A Longitudinal Event-Level Analysis of Disclosure of HIV Serostatus and Undetectability Among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who have Sex with Men (gbMSM) in Metro Vancouver. AIDS and Behavior 25:8, pages 2630-2643.
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Jordan M. Sang, Zishan Cui, Paul Sereda, Heather L. Armstrong, Gbolahan Olarewaju, Allan Lal, Kiffer G. Card, Eric A. Roth, Robert S. Hogg, David M. Moore & Nathan J. Lachowsky. (2021) Longitudinal Event-Level Sexual Risk and Substance Use among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18:6, pages 3183.
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Carla M. Doyle, Mathieu Maheu-Giroux, Gilles Lambert, Sharmistha Mishra, Herak Apelian, Marc Messier-Peet, Joanne Otis, Daniel Grace, Trevor A. Hart, David M. Moore, Nathan J. Lachowsky & Joseph Cox. (2020) Combination HIV Prevention Strategies Among Montreal Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men in the PrEP Era: A Latent Class Analysis. AIDS and Behavior 25:1, pages 269-283.
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Scott P. King & Jacob Belkin. 2020. The Wiley Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences. The Wiley Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences 231 235 .
Scott P. King & Jacob Belkin. 2020. The Wiley Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences. The Wiley Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences 231 235 .
Kalysha Closson, Sarah Chown, Heather L. Armstrong, Lu Wang, Nicanor Bacani, Darren Ho, Jody Jollimore, Gbolahan Olarewaju, David M. Moore, Eric A. Roth, Robert S. Hogg & Nathan J. Lachowsky. (2019) HIV leadership programming attendance is associated with PrEP and PEP awareness among young, gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men in Vancouver, Canada. BMC Public Health 19:1.
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Agatha N. Eke, Wayne D. Johnson, Ann O’Leary, Gregory M. Rebchook, David M. Huebner, John L. Peterson & Susan M. Kegeles. (2019) Effect of a Community-Level HIV Prevention Intervention on Psychosocial Determinants of HIV Risk Behaviors among Young Black Men Who Have Sex with Men (YBMSM). AIDS and Behavior 23:9, pages 2361-2374.
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Heather L. Armstrong, Lu Wang, Julia Zhu, Nathan J. Lachowsky, Kiffer G. Card, Jason Wong, Jody Jollimore, Joshua Edward, Eric A. Roth, Robert S. Hogg & David M. Moore. (2018) HIV Testing Among a Representative Community Sample of Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men in Vancouver, Canada. AIDS and Behavior 23:2, pages 347-358.
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Kiffer G. Card, Heather L. Armstrong, Nathan J. Lachowsky, Zishan Cui, Julia Zhu, Eric A. Roth & Robert S. Hogg. (2017) Patterns of Online and Offline Connectedness Among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men. AIDS and Behavior 22:7, pages 2147-2160.
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Sean P. Colyer, Nathan J. Lachowsky, Zishan Cui, Julia Zhu, Heather L. Armstrong, Matthew Taylor, Joshua Edward, Gbolahan Olarewaju, Robert S. Hogg, Eric A. Roth & David M. Moore. (2018) HIV treatment optimism and crystal methamphetamine use and initiation among HIV-negative men who have sex with men in Vancouver, Canada: A longitudinal analysis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 185, pages 67-74.
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Kiffer G. Card, Nathan J. Lachowsky, Zishan Cui, Allison Carter, Heather Armstrong, Susan Shurgold, David Moore, Robert S. Hogg & Eric A. Roth. (2016) A Latent Class Analysis of Seroadaptation Among Gay and Bisexual Men. Archives of Sexual Behavior 47:1, pages 95-106.
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David M. Moore, Zishan Cui, Nathan J. Lachowsky, Ashleigh J. Rich, Eric A. Roth, Henry F. Raymond, Paul Sereda, Julio Montaner, Jason Wong, Heather L. Armstrong, David Hall & Robert S. Hogg. (2017) Increasing HIV Treatment Optimism but No Changes in HIV Risk Behavior Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in Vancouver, Canada. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 76:4, pages e98-e101.
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Pamela J. Surkan, Ying Li, Lisa P. Jacobson, Christopher Cox, Anthony Silvestre, Pamina Gorbach, Linda Teplin & Michael Plankey. (2016) Unsafe Sexual Behavior Among Gay/Bisexual Men in the Era of Combination Antiretroviral Therapy (cART). AIDS and Behavior 21:10, pages 2874-2885.
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K Closson, N J Lachowsky, Z Cui, S Shurgold, P Sereda, A Rich, D M Moore, E A Roth & R S Hogg. (2017) Does age matter? Sexual event-level analysis of age-disparate sexual partners among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (GBM) in Vancouver, Canada. Sexually Transmitted Infections 93:5, pages 332-341.
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Kiffer G. Card, Nathan J. Lachowsky, Zishan Cui, Paul Sereda, Ashleigh Rich, Jody Jollimore, Terry Howard, Robert Birch, Allison Carter, Julio Montaner, David Moore, Robert S. Hogg & Eric Abella Roth. (2016) Seroadaptive Strategies of Gay & Bisexual Men (GBM) with the Highest Quartile Number of Sexual Partners in Vancouver, Canada. AIDS and Behavior 21:5, pages 1452-1466.
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Kiffer G. CardNathan J. LachowskyZishan CuiSusan ShurgoldHeather L. ArmstrongAshleigh J. RichJamie I. ForrestMaya GislasonDavid M. MooreEric A. RothRobert S. Hogg. (2017) An Event-Level Analysis of the Interpersonal Factors Associated With Condomless Anal Sex Among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex With Men (MSM) With Online-Met Partners. AIDS Education and Prevention 29:2, pages 154-174.
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Amary Mey, David Plummer, Shailendra Dukie, Gary D. Rogers, Maree O’Sullivan & Amber Domberelli. (2016) Motivations and Barriers to Treatment Uptake and Adherence Among People Living with HIV in Australia: A Mixed-Methods Systematic Review. AIDS and Behavior 21:2, pages 352-385.
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Nathan John Lachowsky, Zach Tanner, Zishan Cui, Paul Sereda, Asheligh Rich, Jody Jollimore, Julio SG Montaner, Robert S Hogg, David M Moore & Eric A Roth. (2016) An Event-Level Analysis of Condom Use During Anal Intercourse Among Self-Reported Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Negative Gay and Bisexual Men in a Treatment as Prevention Environment. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 43:12, pages 765-770.
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SY Lin, NJ Lachowsky, M Hull, A Rich, Z Cui, P Sereda, J Jollimore, K Stephenson, M Thumath, JSG Montaner, EA Roth, RS Hogg & DM Moore. (2016) Awareness and use of nonoccupational post‐exposure prophylaxis among men who have sex with men in Vancouver, Canada. HIV Medicine 17:9, pages 662-673.
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Ashleigh J. Rich, Nathan J. Lachowsky, Zishan Cui, Paul Sereda, Allan Lal, David M. Moore, Robert S. Hogg & Eric A. Roth. (2015) Event-Level Analysis of Anal Sex Roles and Sex Drug Use Among Gay and Bisexual Men in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Archives of Sexual Behavior 45:6, pages 1443-1451.
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Nathan J. Lachowsky, Sally Y. Lin, Mark W. Hull, Zishan Cui, Paul Sereda, Jody Jollimore, Ashleigh Rich, Julio S. G. Montaner, Eric A. Roth, Robert S. Hogg & David M. Moore. (2016) Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Awareness Among Gay and Other Men who have Sex with Men in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. AIDS and Behavior 20:7, pages 1408-1422.
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Martin Holt, Toby Lea, Dean A. Murphy, Jeanne Ellard, Marsha Rosengarten, Susan C. Kippax & John B. F. De Wit. (2014) Australian Gay and Bisexual Men’s Attitudes to HIV Treatment as Prevention in Repeated, National Surveys, 2011-2013. PLoS ONE 9:11, pages e112349.
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Homaira Hanif, Francisco I. Bastos, Monica Malta, Neilane Bertoni, Peter J. Winch & Deanna Kerrigan. (2014) Where Does Treatment Optimism Fit in? Examining Factors Associated with Consistent Condom Use Among People Receiving Antiretroviral Treatment in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. AIDS and Behavior 18:10, pages 1945-1954.
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Martin Holt. (2014) HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis and treatment as prevention: a review of awareness and acceptability among men who have sex with men in the Asia-Pacific region and the Americas. Sexual Health 11:2, pages 166.
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Martin Holt, Dean Murphy, Denton Callander, Jeanne Ellard, Marsha Rosengarten, Susan Kippax & John de Wit. (2012) HIV-Negative and HIV-Positive Gay Men’s Attitudes to Medicines, HIV Treatments and Antiretroviral-based Prevention. AIDS and Behavior 17:6, pages 2156-2161.
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Avina Sarna, Stanley Luchters, Eustasius Musenge, Jerry Okal, Matthew Chersich, Waimar Tun, Sabine Mall, Nzioki Kingola & Sam Kalibala. (2013) Effectiveness of a community-based positive prevention intervention for people living with HIV who are not receiving antiretroviral treatment: a prospective cohort study. Global Health: Science and Practice 1:1, pages 52-67.
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Yiyun Chen. (2012) Treatment-Related Optimistic Beliefs and Risk of HIV Transmission: A Review of Recent Findings (2009-2012) in an Era of Treatment as Prevention. Current HIV/AIDS Reports 10:1, pages 79-88.
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Avina Sarna, Stanley Luchters, Melissa Pickett, Matthew Chersich, Jerry Okal, Scott Geibel, Nzioki Kingola & Marleen Temmerman. (2012) Sexual behavior of HIV-positive adults not accessing HIV treatment in Mombasa, Kenya: Defining their prevention needs. AIDS Research and Therapy 9:1, pages 9.
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Duncan A. MacKellar, Su-I Hou, Christopher C. Whalen, Karen Samuelsen, Linda A. Valleroy, Gina M. Secura, Stephanie Behel, Trista Bingham, David D. Celentano, Beryl A. Koblin, Marlene LaLota, Douglas Shehan, Hanne Thiede & Lucia V. Torian. (2011) HIV/AIDS Complacency and HIV Infection Among Young Men Who Have Sex With Men, and the Race-Specific Influence of Underlying HAART Beliefs. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 38:8, pages 755-763.
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Duncan A. MacKellar, Su-I Hou, Christopher C. Whalen, Karen Samuelsen, Linda A. Valleroy, Gina M. Secura, Stephanie Behel, Trista Bingham, David D. Celentano, Beryl A. Koblin, Marlene LaLota, Douglas Shehan, Hanne Thiede & Lucia V. Torian. (2010) A Plausible Causal Model of HAART-Efficacy Beliefs, HIV/AIDS Complacency, and HIV-Acquisition Risk Behavior Among Young Men Who Have Sex with Men. AIDS and Behavior 15:4, pages 788-804.
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Shayesta Dhalla, Gary Poole, Joel Singer, David M. Patrick, Evan Wood & Thomas Kerr. (2010) Cognitive factors and willingness to participate in an HIV vaccine trial among HIV-negative injection drug users. Vaccine 28:7, pages 1663-1667.
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K Begley, D J Chan, S Jeganathan, M Batterham & D E Smith. (2009) Factors associated with unprotected anal intercourse between HIV-positive men and regular male partners in a Sydney cohort. International Journal of STD & AIDS 20:10, pages 704-707.
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Matthew J. Mimiaga, Sari L. Reisner, Kevin Cranston, Deborah Isenberg, Donna Bright, Gary Daffin, Sean Bland, Maura A. Driscoll, Rodney VanDerwarker, Benny Vega & Kenneth H. Mayer. (2009) Sexual Mixing Patterns and Partner Characteristics of Black MSM in Massachusetts at Increased Risk for HIV Infection and Transmission. Journal of Urban Health 86:4, pages 602-623.
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Angela Kaida, Viviane Dias Lima, Irene Andia, Jerome Kabakyenga, Pamela Mbabazi, Nneka Emenyonu, Thomas L. Patterson, Robert S. Hogg & David R. Bangsberg. (2009) The WHOMEN’s Scale (Women’s HAART Optimism Monitoring and EvaluatioN Scale v.1) and the Association with Fertility Intentions and Sexual Behaviours Among HIV-Positive Women in Uganda. AIDS and Behavior 13:S1, pages 72-81.
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Sari L. Reisner, Matthew J. Mimiaga, Patricia Case, Carey V. Johnson, Steven A. Safren & Kenneth H. Mayer. (2008) Predictors of Identifying as a Barebacker among High-Risk New England HIV Seronegative Men Who Have Sex with Men. Journal of Urban Health 86:2, pages 250-262.
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Matthew J Mimiaga, Patricia Case, Carey V Johnson, Steven A Safren & Kenneth H Mayer. (2009) Preexposure Antiretroviral Prophylaxis Attitudes in High-Risk Boston Area Men Who Report Having Sex With Men: Limited Knowledge and Experience but Potential for Increased Utilization After Education. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 50:1, pages 77-83.
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David G. Ostrow, Michael J. Silverberg, Robert L. Cook, Joan S. Chmiel, Lisette Johnson, Xiuhong Li & Lisa P. Jacobson. (2007) Prospective Study of Attitudinal and Relationship Predictors of Sexual Risk in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. AIDS and Behavior 12:1.
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Jeanne Abelson, Patrick Rawstorne, June Crawford, Limin Mao, Garrett Prestage & Susan Kippax. (2006) HIV optimism does not explain increases in high-risk sexual behaviour among gay men of positive or negative HIV status in Sydney, Australia. AIDS 20:8, pages 1215-1216.
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Eric M. van der Snoek, John B. F. de Wit, Hannelore M. Götz, Paul G. H. Mulder, Martino H. A. Neumann & Willem I. van der Meijden. (2006) Incidence of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and HIV Infection in Men Who Have Sex With Men Related to Knowledge, Perceived Susceptibility, and Perceived Severity of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and HIV Infection: Dutch MSM–Cohort Study. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 33:3, pages 193-198.
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Bradford N Bartholow, Susan Buchbinder, Connie Celum, Vamshidar Goli, Beryl Koblin, Michael Para, Michael Marmor, Richard M Novak, Kenneth Mayer, Catherine Creticos, Patti Orozco-Cronin, Vladimir Popovic & Timothy D Mastro. (2005) HIV Sexual Risk Behavior Over 36 Months of Follow-Up in the World's First HIV Vaccine Efficacy Trial. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 39:1, pages 90-101.
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David M Huebner, Gregory M Rebchook & Susan M Kegeles. (2004) A Longitudinal Study of the Association Between Treatment Optimism and Sexual Risk Behavior in Young Adult Gay and Bisexual Men. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 37:4, pages 1514-1519.
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Jonathan Elford, Graham Bolding & Lorraine Sherr. (2003) Authors’ response to letter from I.G. Stolte and N.H.T.M. Dukers concerning the paper ‘High-risk sexual behaviour increases among London gay men between 1998 and 2001. AIDS 17:13, pages 2012-2013.
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. (2003) HIV Treatments Optimism Among Gay Men: An International Perspective. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 32:5, pages 545-550.
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Julianne M. Serovich & Katie E. Mosack. (2003) Reasons for HIV Disclosure or Nondisclosure to Casual Sexual Partners. AIDS Education and Prevention 15:1, pages 70-80.
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Jonathan Elford, Graham Bolding & Lorraine Sherr. (2002) High-risk sexual behaviour increases among London gay men between 1998 and 2001: what is the role of HIV optimism?. AIDS 16:11, pages 1537-1544.
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David M. Huebner & Mary A. Gerend. (2001) The relation between beliefs about drug treatments for HIV and sexual risk behavior in gay and bisexual men. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 23:4, pages 304-312.
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Paul Van de Ven, Garrett Prestage, June Crawford, Andrew Grulich & Susan Kippax. (2000) Sexual risk behaviour increases and is associated with HIV optimism among HIV-negative and HIV-positive gay men in Sydney over the 4 year period to February 2000. AIDS 14:18, pages 2951-2953.
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