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Original Articles

The X-factor: On the relevance of implicit leadership and followership theories for leader–member exchange agreement

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Pages 333-363 | Published online: 10 Nov 2009

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (5)

Jeffrey Yip & Dayna O. H. Walker. (2022) Leaders mentoring others: the effects of implicit followership theory on leader integrity and mentoring. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 33:13, pages 2688-2718.
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Nina Wirtz & Thomas Rigotti. (2020) When grandiose meets vulnerable: narcissism and well-being in the organizational context. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology 29:4, pages 556-569.
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Benjamin Biermeier-Hanson & Patrick Coyle. (2019) Investigating Leader Role Congruity and Counterproductive Work Behavior. The Journal of Psychology 153:8, pages 820-842.
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Peter BeomCheol Kim, Jill Poulston & Amrit C. Sankaran. (2017) An Examination of Leader–Member Exchange (LMX) Agreement Between Employees and Their Supervisors and its Influence on Work Outcomes. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management 26:3, pages 238-258.
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Machteld van den Heuvel, Evangelia Demerouti & Arnold B. Bakker. (2014) How psychological resources facilitate adaptation to organizational change. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology 23:6, pages 847-858.
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Articles from other publishers (59)

Anna van der Velde & Fabiola H. Gerpott. (2023) When subordinates do not follow: A typology of subordinate resistance as perceived by leaders. The Leadership Quarterly 34:5, pages 101687.
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Barbara A. Ritter, Erika E. Small & Christy Everett. (2022) The role of leadership perceptions in performance appraisal participation. Management Research Review 46:9, pages 1224-1241.
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Patrick Terrence Coyle & Benjamin Biermeier-Hanson. (2023) Do congruent perceptions of an ethical leader and one's supervisor impact job-related outcomes? Testing mechanisms and boundaries. Leadership & Organization Development Journal 44:3, pages 371-391.
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Laura Hesmert & Rick Vogel. (2023) Espoused implicit leadership and followership theories and emergent workplace relations: a factorial survey. Frontiers in Psychology 14.
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Elena Gesang. (2022) How do you see your role as a follower? A quantitative exploration of followers’ role orientation. Frontiers in Psychology 13.
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Fabiola H. Gerpott & Niels Van Quaquebeke. (2022) Kiss‐Up‐Kick‐Down to Get Ahead: A Resource Perspective on How, When, Why, and With Whom Middle Managers Use Ingratiatory and Exploitative Behaviours to Advance Their Careers. Journal of Management Studies.
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Patrick Terrence Coyle & Roseanne Foti. (2022) Do leaders and followers see eye to eye? Exploring patterns of congruent expectations and self-views in leader-follower relationships. Leadership & Organization Development Journal 43:6, pages 874-889.
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Niels Van Quaquebeke, Mojtaba Salem, Marius van Dijke & Ramon Wenzel. (2022) Conducting organizational survey and experimental research online: From convenient to ambitious in study designs, recruiting, and data quality. Organizational Psychology Review 12:3, pages 268-305.
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Ben Sahlmueller, Niels Van Quaquebeke, Steffen R. Giessner & Daan van Knippenberg. (2022) Dual Leadership in the Matrix: Effects of Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) and Dual-Leader Exchange (DLX) on Role Conflict and Dual Leadership Effectiveness. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies 29:3, pages 270-288.
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Kuo-Hua Chan, Shang-Ping Lin & I-Tung Shih. (2022) The Mediator CSR Plays the Effective Leadership Belief Role for Resource Dilemma Handling Leadership in Organizational Commitment During Sustainability Development. Frontiers in Psychology 13.
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Oluremi B. Ayoko, Pao P. Tan & Yiqiong Li. (2022) Leader–follower interpersonal behaviors, emotional regulation and LMX quality. Journal of Management & Organization, pages 1-18.
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Tumeka Matshoba-Ramuedzisi, Derick de Jongh & Willem Fourie. (2022) Followership: a review of current and emerging research. Leadership & Organization Development Journal 43:4, pages 653-668.
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Wei Liang, Chen Lv, Yongchang Yu, Tingyi Li & Peng Liu. (2022) Leader’s Implicit Followership and Employees’ Innovative Behavior: Chain Mediation Effect of Leader–Member Exchange and Psychological Empowerment. Frontiers in Psychology 13.
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Wei Zhang, Xuejun Wang & Dingnan Xie. (2021) Evaluating the Impact of Positive Implicit Followership towards Employees’ Feedback-Seeking: Based on the Social Information Processing Perspective. Sustainability 13:23, pages 13417.
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Wei Zhang & Xue-Jun Wang. (2021) An Understanding of Implicit Followership Toward New Employees' Self-Efficacy: The Mediating Role of Perceived Supervisor Support. Frontiers in Psychology 12.
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Thomas Sy & Daan Knippenberg. (2021) The emotional leader: Implicit theories of leadership emotions and leadership perceptions. Journal of Organizational Behavior 42:7, pages 885-912.
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Jian PENG & Bingbing CAO. (2022) The bottom-up effect of followers' proactive work behavior: An implicit followership perspective. Advances in Psychological Science 29:6, pages 967-977.
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Melanie A. Robinson & John Fiset. (2019) Using Implicit Followership Theories to Illustrate Cognitive Schemas: An Experiential Exercise. Management Teaching Review 6:2, pages 141-151.
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Krystin Zigan, YingFei Héliot & Alan Le Grys. (2019) Analyzing Leadership Attributes in Faith-Based Organizations: Idealism Versus Reality. Journal of Business Ethics 170:4, pages 743-757.
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Antonia J. Kaluza, Franziska Weber, Rolf van Dick & Nina M. Junker. (2021) When and how health‐oriented leadership relates to employee well‐being—The role of expectations, self‐care, and LMX. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 51:4, pages 404-424.
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Ming Kong, Li Xin, Mengyuan Chen & Haonan Li. (2020) Select the Mr. Right: the interaction effect between implicit leadership and implicit followership on employees' workplace behaviors. Personnel Review 50:3, pages 845-864.
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Jian PENG & Bingbing CAO. (2021) The bottom-up effect of followers' proactive work behavior: An implicit followership perspective. Advances in Psychological Science 29:6, pages 967.
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Irma Rybnikova & Rainhart LangRainhart Lang. 2021. Aktuelle Führungstheorien und -konzepte. Aktuelle Führungstheorien und -konzepte 87 125 .
Bingqian Liang, Daan KnippenbergQinxuan Gu. (2020) A cross‐level model of shared leadership, meaning, and individual creativity. Journal of Organizational Behavior 42:1, pages 68-83.
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Paula Martínez-Sanchis, Cristina Aragón-Amonarriz & Cristina Iturrioz-Landart. (2020) How the Pygmalion Effect operates in intra-family succession: Shared expectations in family SMEs. European Management Journal 38:6, pages 914-926.
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Ashita Goswami, Hyung In Park & Terry A. Beehr. (2019) Does the Congruence Between Leaders’ Implicit Followership Theories and Their Perceptions of Actual Followers Matter?. Journal of Business and Psychology 35:4, pages 519-538.
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Claudia Fritz & Daan Knippenberg. (2019) Gender and Leadership Aspiration: Supervisor Gender, Support, and Job Control. Applied Psychology 69:3, pages 741-768.
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Natalija Keck, Steffen R. Giessner, Niels Van Quaquebeke & Erica Kruijff. (2018) When do Followers Perceive Their Leaders as Ethical? A Relational Models Perspective of Normatively Appropriate Conduct. Journal of Business Ethics 164:3, pages 477-493.
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Guiyao Tang, Yang Chen, Daan Knippenberg & Bingjie Yu. (2020) Antecedents and consequences of empowering leadership: Leader power distance, leader perception of team capability, and team innovation. Journal of Organizational Behavior 41:6, pages 551-566.
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Wei Liang, Tingyi Li, Li Lu, Jaehyoung Kim & Sanggyun Na. (2020) Influence of Implicit Followership Cognitive Differences on Innovation Behavior: An Empirical Analysis in China. Sustainability 12:12, pages 4940.
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Yongyong Yang, Wendian Shi, Beina Zhang, Youming Song & Dezhen Xu. (2020) Implicit followership theories from the perspective of followers. Leadership & Organization Development Journal 41:4, pages 581-596.
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Sebastian Stegmann, Stephan Braun, Nina Junker & Rolf Dick. (2020) Getting older and living up to implicit followership theories: Implications for employee psychological health and job attitudes. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 50:2, pages 65-81.
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Robert G. LordOlga EpitropakiRoseanne J. Foti & Tiffany Keller Hansbrough. (2020) Implicit Leadership Theories, Implicit Followership Theories, and Dynamic Processing of Leadership Information. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior 7:1, pages 49-74.
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Deniz Palalar Alkan & Ayşegül Özbebek Tunç. 2020. Cases on Global Leadership in the Contemporary Economy. Cases on Global Leadership in the Contemporary Economy 137 165 .
Aldijana Bunjak, Matej Černe & Sut I Wong. (2019) Leader–follower pessimism (in)congruence and job satisfaction. Leadership & Organization Development Journal 40:3, pages 381-398.
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Ming Kong, Haoying Xu, Aiqin Zhou & Yue Yuan. (2017) Implicit followership theory to employee creativity: The roles of leader–member exchange, self-efficacy and intrinsic motivation. Journal of Management & Organization 25:1, pages 81-95.
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Aldijana Bunjak & Matej Černe. (2018) Mindfulness – The Missing Link in the Relationship Between Leader–Follower Strategic Optimism (Mis)match and Work Engagement. Frontiers in Psychology 9.
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Alex Leung & Thomas Sy. (2018) I Am as Incompetent as the Prototypical Group Member: An Investigation of Naturally Occurring Golem Effects in Work Groups. Frontiers in Psychology 9.
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Thuy Thi Thanh Nguyen & Man-Ling Chang. (2018) Triple-down model of capability, job characteristics and burnout. Chinese Management Studies 12:3, pages 506-523.
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Michael Knoll, Birgit Schyns & Lars-Eric Petersen. (2017) How the Influence of Unethical Leaders on Followers Is Affected by Their Implicit Followership Theories. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies 24:4, pages 450-465.
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Roseanne J. Foti, Tiffany Keller Hansbrough, Olga Epitropaki & Patrick T. Coyle. (2017) Dynamic viewpoints on implicit leadership and followership theories: Approaches, findings, and future directions. The Leadership Quarterly 28:2, pages 261-267.
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Brandon S. Riggs & Christopher O.L.H. Porter. (2017) Are there advantages to seeing leadership the same? A test of the mediating effects of LMX on the relationship between ILT congruence and employees' development. The Leadership Quarterly 28:2, pages 285-299.
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Nina M. Junker, Sebastian Stegmann, Stephan Braun & Rolf Van Dick. (2016) The ideal and the counter-ideal follower – advancing implicit followership theories. Leadership & Organization Development Journal 37:8, pages 1205-1222.
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Robert G. Lord, Paola Gatti & Susanna L.M. Chui. (2016) Social-cognitive, relational, and identity-based approaches to leadership. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 136, pages 119-134.
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Xiao Wang & Jian Peng. (2016) The Effect of Implicit–Explicit Followership Congruence on Benevolent Leadership: Evidence from Chinese Family Firms. Frontiers in Psychology 7.
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Patrick T. Coyle & Roseanne Foti. (2014) If You’re Not With Me You’re . . . ? Examining Prototypes and Cooperation in Leader–Follower Relationships. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies 22:2, pages 161-174.
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Alexander Pundt & Felicia Herrmann. (2015) Affiliative and aggressive humour in leadership and their relationship to leader-member exchange. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 88:1, pages 108-125.
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Nina Mareen Junker & Rolf van Dick. (2014) Implicit theories in organizational settings: A systematic review and research agenda of implicit leadership and followership theories. The Leadership Quarterly 25:6, pages 1154-1173.
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Andrea Derler & Jürgen Weibler. (2014) The ideal employee: context and leaders’ implicit follower theories. Leadership & Organization Development Journal 35:5, pages 386-409.
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Kristine F. Hoover, Deborah A. O’Neil & Michael Poutiatine. (2013) Gender and Leadership: A Frame Analysis of University Home Web Page Images. Journal of Academic Ethics 12:1, pages 15-27.
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Olga Epitropaki, Thomas Sy, Robin Martin, Susanna Tram-Quon & Anna Topakas. (2013) Implicit Leadership and Followership Theories “in the wild”: Taking stock of information-processing approaches to leadership and followership in organizational settings. The Leadership Quarterly 24:6, pages 858-881.
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Erna Danielsson. (2013) The roles of followers: an exploratory study of follower roles in a Swedish context. Leadership & Organization Development Journal 34:8, pages 708-723.
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Geoff ThomasRobin MartinOlga Epitropaki, Yves GuillaumeAllan Lee. (2013) Social cognition in leader-follower relationships: Applying insights from relationship science to understanding relationship-based approaches to leadership. Journal of Organizational Behavior 34:S1, pages S63-S81.
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Paul Whiteley, Thomas Sy & Stefanie K. Johnson. (2012) Leaders' conceptions of followers: Implications for naturally occurring Pygmalion effects. The Leadership Quarterly 23:5, pages 822-834.
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Daan van Knippenberg. (2011) Embodying who we are: Leader group prototypicality and leadership effectiveness. The Leadership Quarterly 22:6, pages 1078-1091.
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Nina Mareen Junker, Birgit Schyns, Rolf van Dick & Sandra Scheurer. (2011) Die Bedeutung der Führungskräfte- Kategorisierung für Commitment, Arbeitszufriedenheit und Wohl- befinden unter Berücksichtigung der Geschlechterrollentheorie. Zeitschrift für Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie A&O 55:4, pages 171-179.
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Thomas Sy. (2010) What do you think of followers? Examining the content, structure, and consequences of implicit followership theories. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 113:2, pages 73-84.
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Diana Rus, Daan van Knippenberg & Barbara Wisse. (2010) Leader power and leader self-serving behavior: The role of effective leadership beliefs and performance information. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 46:6, pages 922-933.
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Guven Ordun & Asli Beyhan Acar. (2014) Impact of Emotional Intelligence on the Establishment and Development of High Quality Leader Member Exchange (LMX). SSRN Electronic Journal.
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