The X-factor: On the relevance of implicit leadership and followership theories for leader–member exchange agreement

References

• Alicke , M. D. 1985 . Global self-evaluation as determined by the desirability and controllability of trait adjectives . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 49 : 1621 – 1630 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allison , S. T. , Messick , D. M. and Goethals , G. R. 1989 . On being better but not smarter than others: The Muhammad Ali effect . Social Cognition , 7 : 275 – 296 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anseel , F. and Lievens , F. 2007 . The long-term impact of the feedback environment on job satisfaction: A field study in a Belgian context . Applied Psychology: An International Review , 56 : 254 – 266 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atwater , L. E. and Yammarino , F. J. 1992 . Does self-other agreement on leadership perceptions moderate the validity of leadership and performance predictions? . Personnel Psychology , 45 : 141 – 164 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atwater , L. E. and Yammarino , F. J. 1997 . Self-other rating agreement: A review and a model . Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management , 15 : 121 – 174 .
   Google Scholar
• Barsalou , L. W. 1985 . Ideals, central tendency, and frequency of instantiation as determinants of graded structure in categories . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 11 : 629 – 654 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartlett , F. C. 1932 . Remembering , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bass , B. and Yammarino , F. J. 1991 . Congruence of self and other's leadership ratings of naval officers for understanding successful performance . Applied Psychology: An International Review , 40 : 437 – 454 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basu , R. and Green , S. G. 1997 . Leader–member exchange and transformational leadership: An empirical examination of innovative behaviors in leader–member dyads . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 27 : 477 – 499 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bechtel , W. and Abrahamsen , A. 2002 . Connectionism and the mind: Parallel processing, dynamics, and evolution in networks , Cambridge, MA : Basil Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Bernerth , J. B. , Armenakis , A. A. , Feild , H. S. , Giles , W. F. and Walker , H. J. 2007 . Leader–member social exchange (LMSX): Development and validation of a scale . Journal of Organizational Behavior , 28 : 979 – 1003 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blau , P. 1964 . Exchange and power in social life , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Borman , W. C. 1987 . Personal constructs, performance schemata, and “folk theories” of subordinate effectiveness: Exploration in an Army Officer sample . Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , 40 : 307 – 322 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brawley , L. R. 1984 . Unintentional egocentric biases in attributions . Journal of Sport Psychology , 6 : 264 – 278 .
   Google Scholar
• Brodbeck , F. C. , Chhokar , J. and House , R. 2007 . “ Culture and leadership in 25 societies: Integration, conclusions, and future directions ” . In Managerial cultures of the world: A GLOBE report of in-depth studies of the cultures of 25 countries , Edited by: Chhokar , J. , Brodbeck , F. C. and House , R. 1025 – 1102 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , J. D. 1986 . Evaluations of self and others: Self-enhancement biases in social judgments . Social Cognition , 4 : 353 – 376 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruner , J. S. 1961 . The act of discovery . Harvard Educational Review , 31 : 21 – 32 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burger , J. M. and Rodman , J. L. 1983 . Attributions of responsibility for group tasks: The egocentric bias and the actor-observer difference . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 45 : 1232 – 1242 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgess , R. L. and Huston , T. L. 1979 . Social exchanges in developing relationships , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Buunk , B. P. , Doosje , B. J. , Jans , L. G. J. M. and Hopstaken , L. E. M. 1993 . Perceived reciprocity, social support, and stress at work: The role of exchange and communal orientation . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 65 : 801 – 811 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne , D. 1971 . The attraction paradigm , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Carver , R. P. 1972 . A critical review of mathagenic behaviors and the effect of questions upon the retention of prose materials . Journal of Reading Behavior , 4 : 93 – 119 .
   Google Scholar
• Catrambone , R. and Holyoak , K. J. 1989 . Overcoming contextual limitations on problem-solving transfer . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 15 : 1147 – 1156 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi , Y. and Mai-Dalton , R. R. 1999 . The model of followers' responses to self-sacrificial leadership: An empirical approach . Leadership Quarterly , 10 : 397 – 421 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cialdini , R. B. 1984 . Influence: How and why people agree to things , New York : William Morrow .
   Google Scholar
• Cogliser , C. C. , Schriesheim , C. A. , Scandura , T. A. and Gardner , W. L. 2009 . Balancing leader and follower perceptions of leader–member exchange: Relationships with performance and work attitudes . Leadership Quarterly , 20 : 452 – 465 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conger , J. A. and Kanungo , R. 1987 . Toward a behavioral theory of charismatic leadership in organizational settings . Academy of Management Review , 12 : 637 – 647 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coyle-Shapiro , J. and Kessler , I. 2002 . Exploring reciprocity through the lens of the psychological contract: Employee and employer perspectives . European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology , 11 : 69 – 86 .
   Google Scholar
• Crary , W. G. 1966 . Reactions to incongruent self-experiences . Journal of Consulting Psychology , 30 : 246 – 252 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dansereau , F. , Graen , G. and Haga , W. J. 1975 . A vertical dyad linkage approach to leadership within formal organizations: A longitudinal investigation of the role-making process . Organizational Behavior and Human Performance , 13 : 46 – 78 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dansereau , F. , Alutto, , J. A. , Nachman, , S. A. , Al-kelabi, , S. A. , Yammarino, , F. J. Newman, , J. 1995 . Individualized leadership: A new multiple-level approach . Leadership Quarterly , 6 : 413 – 450 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Day , D. V. and Crain , E. C. 1992 . The role of affect and ability in initial exchange quality perceptions . Group and Organization Management , 23 : 189 – 216 .
   Google Scholar
• De Cremer , D. and van Knippenberg , D. 2004 . Leader self-sacrifice and leadership effectiveness: The moderating role of leader self-confidence . Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , 95 : 140 – 155 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deluga , R. J. 1997 . Relationship among American presidential charismatic leadership, narcissism, and rated performance . Leadership Quarterly , 8 : 49 – 65 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dienesch , R. M. and Liden , R. C. 1986 . Leader–member exchange model of leadership: A critique and further development . Academy of Management Review , 11 : 618 – 634 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dockery , T. M. and Steiner , D. D. 1990 . The role of the initial interaction in leader–member exchange . Group and Organization Studies , 15 : 395 – 413 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duchon , D. , Green , S. G. and Taber , T. D. 1986 . Vertical dyad linkage: A longitudinal assessment of antecedents, measures and consequences . Journal of Applied Psychology , 71 : 56 – 60 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunning , D. , Meyerowitz , J. A. and Holzberg , A. D. 1989 . Ambiguity and self-evaluation: The role of idiosyncratic trait definitions in self-serving assessments of ability . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 57 : 1082 – 1090 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eagly , A. H. and Karau , S. J. 2002 . Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders . Psychological Review , 109 : 573 – 598 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engle , E. M. and Lord , R. G. 1997 . Implicit theories, self-schemas, and leader–member exchange . Academy of Management Journal , 40 : 988 – 1010 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epitropaki , O. and Martin , R. 2005 . From ideal to real: A longitudinal study of the role of implicit leadership theories on leader–member exchanges and employee outcomes . Journal of Applied Psychology , 90 : 659 – 676 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erdogan , B. , Liden , R. C. and Kraimer , M. L. 2006 . Justice and leader–member exchange: The moderating role of organization culture . Academy of Management Journal , 49 : 395 – 406 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galinsky , A. D. , Magee , J. C. , Inesi , M. E. and Gruenfeld , D. H. 2006 . Power and perspectives not taken . Psychological Science , 17 : 1068 – 1074 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerstner , C. R. and Day , D. V. 1997 . Meta-analytic review of leader–member exchange theory: Correlates and construct issues . Journal of Applied Psychology , 82 : 827 – 844 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gioia , D. A. , Thomas , J. B. , Clark , S. M. and Chittipeddi , K. 1994 . Symbolism and strategic change in academia: The dynamics of sensemaking and influence . Organization Science , 5 : 363 – 383 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilovich , T. , Medvec , V. H. and Savitsky , K. 2000 . The spotlight effect in social judgment: An egocentric bias in estimates of the salience of one's own actions and appearance . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 78 : 211 – 222 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glick , M. L. and Holyoak , K. J. 1980 . Analogical problem solving . Cognitive Psychology , 12 : 306 – 355 .
   Google Scholar
• Gouldner , A. W. 1960 . The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary statement . American Sociological Review , 25 : 161 – 179 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graen , G. B. 2003 . Dealing with diversity, LMX leadership: The series , Vol. 1 , Greenwich, CT : Information Age Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Graen , G. B. and Cashman , J. F. 1975 . “ A role-making model of leadership in formal organizations: A developmental approach ” . In Leadership frontiers , Edited by: Hunt , J. G. and Larson , L. L. 143 – 165 . Kent, OH : Kent State University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Graen , G. B. , Novak , M. A. and Sommerkamp , P. 1982 . The effects of leader–member exchange and job design on productivity and satisfaction: Testing a dual attachment model . Organizational Behavior and Human Performance , 30 : 109 – 131 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graen , G. B. and Scandura , T. A. 1987 . Toward a psychology of dyadic organizing . Research in Organizational Behavior , 9 : 175 – 208 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graen , G. B. and Schiemann , W. 1978 . Leader–member agreement: A vertical dyad linkage approach . Journal of Applied Psychology , 63 : 206 – 212 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graen , G. B. and Uhl-Bien , M. 1995 . Relationship-based approach to leadership: Development of leader–member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years: Applying a multi-level multi-domain perspective . Leadership Quarterly , 6 : 219 – 247 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green , S. G. , Anderson , S. E. and Shivers , S. L. 1996 . Demographic and organizational influences on leader–member exchange and related work attitudes . Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , 66 : 203 – 214 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris , M. M. and Schaubroeck , J. 1988 . A meta-analysis of self-supervisor, self-peer, and peer-supervisor ratings . Personnel Psychology , 41 : 43 – 62 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison , D. A. , Price , K. H. and Bell , M. P. 1998 . Beyond relational demography: Time and the effects of surface- and deep-level diversity on work group cohesion . Academy of Management Journal , 41 : 96 – 107 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heider , F. 1958 . The psychology of interpersonal relations , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Heilman , M. E. , Block , C. J. and Lucas , J. A. 1992 . Presumed incompetent? Stigmatization and affirmative action efforts . Journal of Applied Psychology , 77 : 536 – 544 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiller , N. J. and Day , D. V. 2003 . “ LMX and teamwork: The challenges and opportunities of diversity ” . In Dealing with diversity, LMX leadership: The series , Edited by: Graen , G. B. Vol. 1 , 29 – 57 . Greenwich, CT : Information Age Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Hollingshead , A. B. 1998 . “ Distributed knowledge and transactive processes in decision-making groups ” . In Research on managing groups and teams , Edited by: Gruenfeld , D. H. 103 – 123 . Stanford, CT : JAI Press .
   Google Scholar
• Holyoak , K. J. and Koh , K. 1987 . Surface and structural similarity in analogical transfer . Memory and Cognition , 15 : 332 – 340 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• House , R. J. , Hanges , P. J. , Javidan , M. , Dorfman , P. and Gupta , V. 2004 . Culture, leadership, and organizations: The GLOBE study of 62 societies , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Huang , X. , Wright , R. P. , Chiu , W. C. K. and Wang , C. 2008 . Relational schemas as sources of evaluation and misevaluation of leader–member exchanges: Some initial evidence . Leadership Quarterly , 19 : 266 – 282 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt , J. G. , Boal , K. B. and Sorenson , R. L. 1990 . Top management leadership: Inside the black box . Leadership Quarterly , 1 : 41 – 65 .
   Google Scholar
• Ilies , R. , Nahrgang , J. D. and Morgeson , F. P. 2007 . Leader–member exchange and citizenship behaviors: A meta-analysis . Journal of Applied Psychology , 92 : 269 – 277 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jablin , F. M. and Krone , K. J. 1987 . “ Organizational assimilation ” . In Handbook of communication science , Edited by: Berger , C. and Chaffee , S. H. 711 – 746 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• John , O. P. and Robins , R. W. 1994 . Accuracy and bias in self-perception: Individual differences in self-enhancement and the role of narcissism . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 66 : 206 – 219 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kacmar , K. M. , Witt , L. A. , Zivnuska , S. and Gully , S. M. 2003 . The interactive effect of leader–member exchange and communication frequency on performance ratings . Journal of Applied Psychology , 88 : 764 – 772 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller , T. 1999 . Images of the familiar: Individual differences and implicit leadership theories . Leadership Quarterly , 10 : 589 – 607 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenney , R. A. , Schwartz-Kenney , B. M. and Blascovich , J. 1996 . Implicit leadership theories: Defining leaders described as worthy of influence . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 22 : 1128 – 1143 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , K. I. and Organ , D. W. 1982 . Determinants of leader-subordinate exchange relationships . Group and Organization Studies , 7 : 77 – 89 .
   Google Scholar
• Lagace , R. R. 1990 . Leader–member exchange: Antecedents and consequences of the cadre and hired hand . Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management , 10 : 11 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Liberman , N. , Trope , Y. , McCrea , S. and Sherman , S. J. 2007 . The effect of level of construal on the temporal distance of activity engagement . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 43 : 143 – 149 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liden , R. C. and Graen , G. 1980 . Generalizability of the vertical dyad linkage model of leadership . Academy of Management Journal , 23 : 451 – 465 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liden , R. C. and Maslyn , J. M. 1998 . Multidimensionality of leader–member exchange: An empirical assessment through scale development . Journal of Management , 24 : 43 – 72 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liden , R. C. , Wayne , S. J. and Stilwell , D. 1993 . A longitudinal study on the early development of leader–member exchanges . Journal of Applied Psychology , 78 : 662 – 674 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lord , R. G. 1985 . “ An information processing approach to social perceptions, leadership perceptions and behavioral measurement in organizational settings ” . In Research in organizational behavior , Edited by: Staw , B. M. and Cummings , L. L. Vol. 7 , 85 – 128 . Greenwich, CT : JAI Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lord , R. G. and Brown , D. J. 2004 . Leadership processes and follower identity , Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Lord , R. G. , Brown , D. J. , Harvey , J. L. and Hall , R. J. 2001 . Contextual constraints on prototype generation and their multilevel consequences for leadership perceptions . Leadership Quarterly , 12 : 311 – 338 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lord , R. G. , Foti , R. J. and de Vader , C. L. 1984 . A test of leadership categorization theory: Internal structure, information processing, and leadership perceptions . Organizational Behavior and Human Performance , 34 : 343 – 378 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lord , R. G. and Hall , R. J. 2003 . “ Identity, leadership categorization, and leadership schema ” . In Leadership and power , Edited by: van Knippenberg , D. and Hogg , M. A. 48 – 64 . London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Lord , R. G. and Maher , K. J. 1991 . Leadership and information processing: Linking perceptions and performance , Boston : Unwin Hyman .
   Google Scholar
• Maslyn , J. M. and Uhl-Bien , M. 2001 . Leader–member exchange and its dimensions: Effects of self-effort and other's effort on relationship quality . Journal of Applied Psychology , 86 : 697 – 708 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayfield , J. and Mayfield , M. 1998 . Increasing worker outcomes by improving leader follower relations . Journal of Leadership Studies , 5 : 72 – 81 .
   Google Scholar
• Meindl , J. R. 1995 . The romance of leadership as a follower-centric theory: A social constructionist approach . Leadership Quarterly , 6 : 329 – 342 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minsky , B. D. 2002 . LMX dyad agreement: Construct definition and the role of supervisor or subordinate similarity and communication in understanding LMX , Louisiana : Louisiana State University . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Müller , A. and Schyns , B. 2005 . “ The perception of leadership—leadership as a perception: An exploration using the Repertory Grid-Technique ” . In Implicit leadership theories: Essays and explorations , Edited by: Schyns , B. and Meindl , J. R. 81 – 101 . Greenwich, CT : Information Age Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Nye , J. L. 2002 . The eye of the follower: Information processing effects on attribution regarding leaders of small groups . Small Group Research , 33 : 337 – 360 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oakes , P. J. , Turner , J. C. and Haslam , A. S. 1991 . Perceiving people as group members: The role of fit in the salience of social categorizations . British Journal of Social Psychology , 30 : 125 – 144 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Offermann , L. R. , Kennedy , J. K. Jr. and Wirtz , P. W. 1994 . Implicit leadership theories: Content, structure and generalizability . Leadership Quarterly , 5 : 43 – 58 .
   Google Scholar
• Paglis , L. L. and Green , S. G. 2002 . Both sides now: Supervisor and subordinate perspectives on relationship quality . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 32 : 250 – 276 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirolli , P. L. and Anderson , J. R. 1985 . The role of learning from examples in the acquisition of recursive programming skills . Canadian Journal of Psychology , 39 : 240 – 272 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter , L. W. and McLaughlin , G. B. 2006 . Leadership and organizational context: Like the weather? . Leadership Quarterly , 17 : 559 – 576 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed , S. K. 1987 . A structure-mapping model for word problems . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 13 : 124 – 139 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridgeway , C. L. 2001 . Gender, status, and leadership . Journal of Social Issues , 57 : 637 – 655 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritter , B. A. and Lord , R. G. 2007 . The impact of previous leaders on the evaluation of new leaders: An alternative to prototype . Journal of Applied Psychology , 92 : 1683 – 1695 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenthal , S. A. and Pittinsky , T. L. 2006 . Narcissistic leadership . Leadership Quarterly , 17 : 617 – 633 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross , B. 1984 . Remindings and their effects in learning a cognitive skill . Cognitive Psychology , 16 : 371 – 416 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross , B. 1987 . This is like that: The use of earlier problems and the separation of similarity effects . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 13 : 629 – 639 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross , M. and Sicoly , E. 1979 . Egocentric biases in availability and attribution . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 37 : 322 – 336 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders , M. M. 1999 . Leader, follower, team player, thief: An exploration of managers' performer categories . Journal of Business and Psychology , 14 : 199 – 215 .
   Google Scholar
• Scandura , T. A. and Graen , G. B. 1984 . Moderating effects of initial leader–member exchange status on the effects of a leadership intervention . Journal of Applied Psychology , 69 : 428 – 436 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schriesheim , C. A. , Castro , S. L. and Cogliser , C. C. 1999 . Leader–member exchange (LMX) research: A comprehensive review of theory, measurement, and data-analytic practices . Leadership Quarterly , 10 : 63 – 113 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schriesheim, , C. A. , Castro, , S. L. , Zhou, , X. and Yammarino, , F. J. 2001 . The folly of theorizing “A” but testing “B”: A selective level-of-analysis review of the field and a detailed leader–member exchange illustration . The Leadership Quarterly , 12 : 515 – 551 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schriesheim , C. A. and Gardiner , C. C. An exploration of the discriminant validity of the leader–member exchange scale (LMX 7) commonly used in organizational research . Paper presented at the meeting of the Southern Management Association . New Orleans, LA.
   Google Scholar
• Schwarz , N. , Bless , H. , Strack , F. , Klumpp , G. , Rittenauer-Schatka , H. and Simons , A. 1991 . Ease of retrieval as information: Another look at the availability heuristic . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 61 : 195 – 202 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schyns , B. 2006 . Are group consensus in leader-member exchange (lmx) and shared work values related to organizational outcomes? . Small Group Research , 37 : 20 – 35 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schyns , B. and Day , D. V. 2010 . Critique and review of leader-member exchange theory: Issues of agreement, consensus, and excellence . European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology , 19 ( 1 ) : 1 – 29 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schyns , B. and Meindl , J. R. 2005 . Implicit leadership theories: Essays and explorations , Greenwich, CT : Information Age Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Schyns , B. , Paul , T. , Mohr , G. and Blank , H. 2005 . Comparing antecedents and consequences of leader–member exchange in a German working context to findings in the US . European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology , 14 : 1 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott , K. A. and Brown , D. J. 2006 . Female first, leader second? Gender bias in the encoding of leadership behavior . Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , 101 : 230 – 242 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shamir , B. , Pillai , R. , Bligh , M. C. and Uhl-Bien , M. 2007 . Follower-centered perspectives on leadership , Greenwich, CT : Information Age Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Silverman , I. 1964 . Self-esteem and differential responsiveness to success and failure . Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , 69 : 115 – 119 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sin , H. P. , Nahrgang , J. D. and Moregeson , F. P. 2009 . Understanding why they don't see eye-to-eye: An examination of leader–member exchange (LMX) agreement . Journal of Applied Psychology , 94 : 1048 – 1057 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , S. E. and Brown , J. D. 1988 . Illusion and well-being: A social psychological perspective on mental health . Psychological Bulletin , 103 : 193 – 210 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tekleab , A. G. and Taylor , M. S. 2003 . Aren't there two parties in an employment relationship? Antecedents and consequences of organization-employee agreement on contract obligations and violations . Journal of Organizational Behavior , 24 : 585 – 608 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsui , A. S. , Egan , T. D. and O'Reilly , C. A. 1992 . Being different: Relational demography and organizational attachment . Administrative Science Quarterly , 37 : 549 – 579 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsui , A. S. and O'Reilly , C. A. 1989 . Beyond simple demographic effects: The importance of relational demography in superior-sub-ordinate dyads . Academy of Management Journal , 32 : 402 – 423 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner , J. 1987 . Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory , Oxford, UK : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Tversky , A. and Kahneman , D. 1974 . Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases . Science , 185 : 1124 – 1131 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uhl-Bien , M. 2003 . “ Relationship development as a key ingredient for leadership development ” . In The future of leadership development , Edited by: Murphy , S. E. and Riggio , R. E. 129 – 147 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Uhl-Bien , M. and Maslyn , J. M. 2003 . Reciprocity in manager-subordinate relationships: Components, configurations, and outcomes . Journal of Management , 29 : 511 – 532 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Breukelen , W. , Konst , D. and van der Vlist , R. 2002 . Effects of LMX and differential treatment on work unit commitment . Psychological Reports , 91 : 220 – 230 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Breukelen , W. , Schyns , B. and LeBlanc , P. 2006 . Leader–member exchange theory and research: Accomplishments and future challenges . Leadership , 2 : 295 – 316 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Dijk , E. and van Knippenberg , D. 2005 . Wanna trade? Product knowledge and the perceived differences between the gains and losses of trade . European Journal of Social Psychology , 35 : 23 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• Van Ginkel , W. P. , Tindale , R. S. and van Knippenberg , D. in press . Team reflexivity, development of shared task representations, and the use of distributed information in group decision making . Group Dynamics ,
   Google Scholar
• Van Ginkel , W. P. and van Knippenberg , D. 2008 . Group information elaboration and group decision making: The role of shared task representations . Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , 105 : 82 – 97 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Quaquebeke , N. and Brodbeck , F. C. 2008 . Entwicklung und erste Validierung zweier Instrumente zur Erfassung von Führungskräfte-Kategorisierung im deutschsprachigen Raum [Development and first validation of two scales to measure leader categorization in German-speaking countries] . Zeitschrift für Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie , 52 : 70 – 80 .
   Google Scholar
• Van Quaquebeke , N. , Graf , M. M. and Brodbeck , F. C. What do leaders have to live up to? Contrasting the effects of typical versus ideal leader prototypes for the process of leader categorization . Paper presented at the 13th European Congress of Work and Organizational Psychology . Stockholm, Sweden.
   Google Scholar
• Vecchio , R. P. 1995 . The impact of referral sources on employee attitudes: Evidence from a national sample . Journal of Management , 21 : 953 – 965 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vecchio , R. P. and Norris , W. 1996 . Predicting employee turnover from performance, satisfaction, and leader–member exchange . Journal of Business and Psychology , 11 : 113 – 125 .
   Google Scholar
• Walster , E. , Walster , G. W. and Berscheid , E. 1978 . Equity: Theory and research , Boston : Allyn & Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Weick , K. E. 1995 . Sensemaking in organizations , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Wernimont , P. F. 1971 . What supervisors and subordinates expect of each other . Personnel Journal , 50 : 204 – 208 .
   Google Scholar
• Wexley , K. N. , Alexander , R. A. , Greenawalt , J. P. and Couch , M. A. 1980 . Attitudinal congruence and similarity as related to interpersonal evaluations in manager-subordinate dyads . Academy of Management Journal , 23 : 320 – 330 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yammarino , F. J. and Dansereau , F. 2002 . Individualized leadership . Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies , 9 : 1 – 11 .
   Google Scholar