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Expert Opinion on Drug Safety Volume 21, 2022 - Issue 8
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Original Research

Tackling antimicrobial resistance across sub-Saharan Africa: current challenges and implications for the future

Brian Godmana Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK;b Centre of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates;c Department of Public Health Pharmacy and Management, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South AfricaCorrespondence[email protected]
ORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6539-6972View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Abiodun Egwuenud AMR Programme, Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Jabi, Abuja, NigeriaView further author information
,
Evelyn Wesangulae Patient and Health Workers Safety Division, AMR Focal Point, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, KenyaView further author information
,
Natalie Schellackf Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South AfricaORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9690-6285View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Aubrey Chichonyi Kalungiag Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, ZambiaORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2554-1236View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Celda Tiroyakgosih Ministry of Health, Gaborone, BotswanaView further author information
,
Joyce Kgatlwanei Department of Pharmacy, University of Botswana, Gaborone, BotswanaView further author information
,
Julius C. Mwitaj Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, BotswanaORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5947-3684View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Okwen Patrickk Effective Basic Services (eBASE) Africa, Bamenda, Cameroon, Africa;l Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Adelaide University, Adelaide, AustraliaView further author information
,
Loveline Lum Nibak Effective Basic Services (eBASE) Africa, Bamenda, Cameroon, Africa;m Department of Public Health, University of Bamenda, Bambili, CameroonORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5938-4913View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Adefolarin A. Amun Pharmacy Department, Eswatini Medical Christian University, Mbabane, EswatiniView further author information
,
Racheal Tomilola Oguntaden Pharmacy Department, Eswatini Medical Christian University, Mbabane, EswatiniView further author information
,
Mobolaji Eniola Alabio School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Kwazulu-natal (UKZN), Durban, South AfricaView further author information
,
Nondumiso B. Q. Ncubep School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South AfricaView further author information
,
Israel Abebrese Sefahq Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Volta Region, GhanaORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6963-0519View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Joseph Acolatser Pharmacy Directorate, Cape Coast Teaching Hospital (CCTH), Cape Coast, GhanaView further author information
,
Robert Incoomr Pharmacy Directorate, Cape Coast Teaching Hospital (CCTH), Cape Coast, GhanaView further author information
,
Anastasia Nkatha Guantais Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, KenyaView further author information
,
Margaret Olukas Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, KenyaView further author information
,
Sylvia Opangat Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, KenyaView further author information
,
Ibrahim Chikoweu Pharmacy Department, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (KUHeS) (formerly College of Medicine), Blantyre, MalawiView further author information
,
Felix Khuluzau Pharmacy Department, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (KUHeS) (formerly College of Medicine), Blantyre, MalawiView further author information
,
Francis K. Chiumiau Pharmacy Department, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (KUHeS) (formerly College of Medicine), Blantyre, MalawiView further author information
,
Collins Edward Janav Division of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Department, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (KUHeS) (formerly College of Medicine), Blantyre, MalawiView further author information
,
Francis Kalemeeraw Department of Pharmacy Practice and Policy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Namibia, Windhoek, NamibiaORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4320-5087View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Ester Hangow Department of Pharmacy Practice and Policy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Namibia, Windhoek, NamibiaView further author information
,
Joseph Fadarex Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria;y Department of Medicine, Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado-Ekiti, NigeriaORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5641-1402View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Olayinka O. Ogunleyez Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria;aa Department of Medicine, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Lagos, NigeriaORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8921-1909View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Bernard E. Ebrukebb International Foundation Against Infectious Disease in Nigeria (IFAIN), Abuja, NigeriaView further author information
,
Johanna C. Meyerc Department of Public Health Pharmacy and Management, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South AfricaORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0462-5713View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Amos Masselecc Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Hurbert Kairuki Memorial University, Dar Es Salaam, TanzaniaView further author information
,
Oliver Ombeva Malandec Department of Public Health Pharmacy and Management, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa;dd Department of Child Health and Paediatrics, Egerton University, Nakuru, Kenya;ee East Africa Centre for Vaccines and Immunization (ECAVI), Kampala, UgandaView further author information
,
Dan Kibuuleff Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Busitema University, Mbale, Tororo, UgandaORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6908-2177View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Otridah Kaponagg Zambia National Public Health Institute, Lusaka, ZambiaView further author information
,
Trust Zaranyikahh Department Of Medicine, University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, ZimbabweORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4363-7709View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Mutsa Bwakura-Dangarembiziii Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, ZimbabweView further author information
,
Tapiwanashe Kujingajj Pan-African Treatment Access Movement, Harare, ZimbabweORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9758-1504View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Zikria Saleemkk Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, PakistanORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3202-6347View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Amanj Kurdia Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK;c Department of Public Health Pharmacy and Management, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa;ll Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq;mm Center of Research and Strategic Studies, Lebanese French University, Erbil, IraqORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5036-1988View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Moyad Shahwanb Centre of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates;nn College of Pharmacy and Health Science, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab EmiratesORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8367-4841View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Ammar Abdulrahman Jairounoo Health and Safety Department, Dubai Municipality, Dubai, United Arab EmiratesORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4471-0878View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Janney Walepp Independent consumer advocate, Brunswick, AustraliaView further author information
&
Adrian J Brinkqq Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa;rr National Health Laboratory Services, Cape Town, South AfricaView further author information
 show all
Pages 1089-1111 | Received 25 Feb 2022, Accepted 22 Jul 2022, Published online: 30 Aug 2022

Citations (22)

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Linda Siachalinga, Brian Godman, Julius C Mwita, Israel Abebrese Sefah, Olayinka O Ogunleye, Amos Massele & Iyn-Hyang Lee. (2023) Current Antibiotic Use Among Hospitals in the sub-Saharan Africa Region; Findings and Implications. Infection and Drug Resistance 16, pages 2179-2190.
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Eric Kofi Ngyedu, Joseph Acolatse, George Akafity, Robert Incoom, Audu Rauf, R Andrew Seaton, Jacqueline Sneddon, Elaine Cameron, Margaret Watson, Marta Wanat, Brian Godman & Amanj Kurdi. (2023) Selling antibiotics without prescriptions among community pharmacies and drug outlets: a simulated client study from Ghana. Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy 21:12, pages 1373-1382.
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Zikria Saleem, Tiyani Milta Sono & Brian Godman. (2023) Concerns with current Drug Laws regarding the purchasing antibiotics without a prescription in Pakistan; ways forward to assist the national action plan. Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy 21:11, pages 1163-1165.
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Tiyani Milta Sono, Eugene Yeika, Aislinn Cook, Aubrey Kalungia, Sylvia A. Opanga, Joseph Elikem Efui Acolatse, Israel Abebrese Sefah, Ana Golić Jelić, Stephen Campbell, Giulia Lorenzetti, Zia Ul Mustafa, Vanda Marković-Peković, Amanj Kurdi, Bene D Anand Paramadhas, Godfrey Mutashambara Rwegerera, Adefolarin A Amu, Mobolaji Eniola Alabi, Evelyn Wesangula, Margaret Oluka, Felix Khuluza, Ibrahim Chikowe, Joseph O. Fadare, Olayinka O. Ogunleye, Dan Kibuule, Ester Hango, Natalie Schellack, Nishana Ramdas, Amos Massele, Steward Mudenda, Iris Hoxha, Catrin E. Moore, Brian Godman & Johanna C. Meyer. (2023) Current rates of purchasing of antibiotics without a prescription across sub-Saharan Africa; rationale and potential programmes to reduce inappropriate dispensing and resistance. Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy 21:10, pages 1025-1055.
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Israel Abebrese Sefah, David Nyamadi, Amanj Kurdi, Amos Adapalala Bugri, Frances Kerr, Peter Yamoah, Giuseppe Pichierri & Brian Godman. (2023) Assessment of the quality of antimicrobial prescribing among hospitalized patients in a teaching hospital in Ghana: findings and implications. Hospital Practice 51:4, pages 223-232.
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Coleen Jennifer Kaupitwa, Seth Nowaseb, Brian Godman & Dan Kibuule. (2022) Analysis of policies for use of medically important antibiotics in animals in Namibia: implications for antimicrobial stewardship. Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy 20:10, pages 1365-1379.
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Phumzile P Skosana, Natalie Schellack, Brian Godman, Amanj Kurdi, Marion Bennie, Danie Kruger & Johanna C Meyer. (2022) A national, multicentre web-based point prevalence survey of antimicrobial use in community healthcare centres across South Africa and the implications. Hospital Practice 50:4, pages 306-317.
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Articles from other publishers (15)

Noel Gahamanyi, Therese Umuhoza, Shamsaldeen Ibrahim Saeed, Landry Ndriko Mayigane & Jean Nepomuscene Hakizimana. (2023) A Review of the Important Weapons against Antimicrobial Resistance in Sub-Saharan Africa. Applied Biosciences 2:2, pages 136-156.
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Perseverance Moyo, Enos Moyo, Derek Mangoya, Malizgani Mhango, Tapfumanei Mashe, Mohd Imran & Tafadzwa Dzinamarira. (2023) Prevention of antimicrobial resistance in sub-Saharan Africa: What has worked? What still needs to be done?. Journal of Infection and Public Health 16:4, pages 632-639.
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Zia Ul Mustafa, Shahid Iqbal, Hafiz Rahil Asif, Muhammad Salman, Sehar Jabbar, Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi, Yusra Habib Khan, Tiyani Milta Sono, Natalie Schellack, Johanna C. Meyer & Brian Godman. (2023) Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Self-Medication Including Antibiotics among Health Care Professionals during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Pakistan: Findings and Implications. Antibiotics 12:3, pages 481.
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Israel Abebrese Sefah, Seth Adade Sarkodie, Giuseppe Pichierri, Natalie Schellack & Brian Godman. (2023) Assessing the Clinical Characteristics and Management of COVID-19 among Pediatric Patients in Ghana: Findings and Implications. Antibiotics 12:2, pages 283.
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Atlanta B. Makwela, Wandisile M. Grootboom, Veena Abraham, Bwalya Witika, Brian Godman & Phumzile P. Skosana. (2023) Antimicrobial Management of Skin and Soft Tissue Infections among Surgical Wards in South Africa: Findings and Implications. Antibiotics 12:2, pages 275.
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Ntobeko Magnate Mpanza, Brian Godman, Mothobi Godfrey Keele & Moliehi Matlala. (2023) Trends in the utilization of medicines sold in the private sector post- registration in South Africa and the implications for similar countries. BMC Public Health 23:1.
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Iqra Raees, Hafiz Muhammad Atif, Sabahat Aslam, Zia Ul Mustafa, Johanna Catharina Meyer, Khezar Hayat, Muhammad Salman & Brian Godman. (2023) Understanding of Final Year Medical, Pharmacy and Nursing Students in Pakistan towards Antibiotic Use, Antimicrobial Resistance and Stewardship: Findings and Implications. Antibiotics 12:1, pages 135.
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Zikria Saleem, Abdul Haseeb, Brian Godman, Narjis Batool, Ummara Altaf, Umar Ahsan, Faiz Ullah Khan, Zia Ul Mustafa, Muhammad Umer Nadeem, Muhammad Junaid Farrukh, Muhammad Mugheera, Inaam Ur Rehman, Asma Fareed Khan, Hamid Saeed, Mohammad Akbar Hossain, Mohamed Raafat, Rozan Mohammad Radwan & Muhammad Shahid Iqbal. (2022) Point Prevalence Survey of Antimicrobial Use during the COVID-19 Pandemic among Different Hospitals in Pakistan: Findings and Implications. Antibiotics 12:1, pages 70.
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Zikria Saleem, Brian Godman, Aislinn Cook, Muhammad Arslan Khan, Stephen M. Campbell, Ronald Andrew Seaton, Linda Siachalinga, Abdul Haseeb, Afreenish Amir, Amanj Kurdi, Julius C. Mwita, Israel Abebrese Sefah, Sylvia A. Opanga, Joseph O. Fadare, Olayinka O. Ogunleye, Johanna C. Meyer, Amos Massele, Dan Kibuule, Aubrey C. Kalungia, Moyad Shahwan, Hellen Nabayiga, Giuseppe Pichierri & Catrin E. Moore. (2022) Ongoing Efforts to Improve Antimicrobial Utilization in Hospitals among African Countries and Implications for the Future. Antibiotics 11:12, pages 1824.
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Israel Abebrese Sefah, Emmanuel Akwaboah, Emmanuel Sarkodie, Brian Godman & Johanna Caterina Meyer. (2022) Evaluation of Healthcare Students’ Knowledge on Antibiotic Use, Antimicrobial Resistance and Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs and Associated Factors in a Tertiary University in Ghana: Findings and Implications. Antibiotics 11:12, pages 1679.
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Aubrey C. Kalungia, Moses Mukosha, Chiluba Mwila, David Banda, Matthews Mwale, Solomon Kagulura, Olanyika O. Ogunleye, Johanna C. Meyer & Brian Godman. (2022) Antibiotic Use and Stewardship Indicators in the First- and Second-Level Hospitals in Zambia: Findings and Implications for the Future. Antibiotics 11:11, pages 1626.
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Lilian Nkinda, Dorkasi L Mwakawanga, Upendo O Kibwana, Wigilya P Mikomangwa, David T Myemba, Nathanael Sirili, Rodgers Mwakalukwa, Manase Kilonzi, Godfrey Sambayi, Betty A Maganda, Belinda J Njiro, Harrieth P Ndumwa, Ritah Mutagonda, Alphonce I Marealle, Fatuma F Felix, Hamu J Mlyuka, Gerald Makuka, Samson W Kubigwa, Peter P Kunambi, Rashid Mfaume, Arapha Bashir Nshau, George M Bwire, Robert Scherpbier & Elevanie Nyankesha. (2022) Implementation of antibiotic stewardship programmes in paediatric patients in regional referral hospitals in Tanzania: experience from prescribers and dispensers. JAC-Antimicrobial Resistance 4:6.
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Sinenhlanhla Pearl Guma, Brian Godman, Stephen M. Campbell & Ozayr Mahomed. (2022) Determinants of the Empiric Use of Antibiotics by General Practitioners in South Africa: Observational, Analytic, Cross-Sectional Study. Antibiotics 11:10, pages 1423.
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Olayinka Ogunleye, Brian Godman, Joseph Fadare, Steward Mudenda, Adekunle Adeoti, Adesola Yinka-Ogunleye, Sunday Ogundele, Modupe Oyawole, Marione Schönfeldt, Wafaa Rashed, Ahmad Galal, Nyasha Masuka, Trust Zaranyika, Aubrey Kalungia, Oliver Malande, Dan Kibuule, Amos Massele, Ibrahim Chikowe, Felix Khuluza, Tinotenda Taruvinga, Abubakr Alfadl, Elfatih Malik, Margaret Oluka, Sylvia Opanga, Daniel Ankrah, Israel Sefah, Daniel Afriyie, Eunice Tagoe, Adefolarin Amu, Mlungisi Msibi, Ayukafangha Etando, Mobolaji Alabi, Patrick Okwen, Loveline Niba, Julius Mwita, Godfrey Rwegerera, Joyce Kgatlwane, Ammar Jairoun, Chioma Ejekam, Rooyen Mavenyengwa, Irene Murimi-Worstell, Stephen Campbell & Johanna Meyer. (2022) Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic across Africa: Current Status of Vaccinations and Implications for the Future. Vaccines 10:9, pages 1553.
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Israel Abebrese Sefah, Edinam Yawo Denoo, Varsha Bangalee, Amanj Kurdi, Jacqueline Sneddon & Brian Godman. (2022) Appropriateness of surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis in a teaching hospital in Ghana: findings and implications. JAC-Antimicrobial Resistance 4:5.
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