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The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse
Encompassing All Addictive Disorders
Volume 29, 2003 - Issue 2
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Two Cases of Severe Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate Withdrawal Delirium on a Psychiatric Unit: Recommendations for Management

Mark H. Rosenberg M.S.N., R.N., C.S. University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Department of Psychiatry, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Cherry Hill, New Jersey, USA
,
Laurie J. Deerfield D.O., Psy.D. University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Department of Psychiatry, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Cherry Hill, New Jersey, USA
&
Edward M. Baruch M.D. University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Department of Psychiatry, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Cherry Hill, New Jersey, USA
Pages 487-496 | Published online: 07 Jul 2009

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Cornelis F. Vos, Monica Pop-Purceleanu, Maarten J. W. van den Berg & Arnt F. A. Schellekens. (2021) Successful treatment of severe, treatment resistant GHB withdrawal through thiopental-coma. Substance Abuse 42:1, pages 33-38.
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Mariangela Antonelli, Anna Ferrulli, Luisa Sestito, Gabriele A. Vassallo, Claudia Tarli, Carolina Mosoni, Maria M. Rando, Antonio Mirijello, Antonio Gasbarrini & Giovanni Addolorato. (2018) Alcohol addiction - the safety of available approved treatment options. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety 17:2, pages 169-177.
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Leo J Schep, Kai Knudsen, Robin J Slaughter, J Allister Vale & Bruno Mégarbane. (2012) The clinical toxicology of gamma-hydroxybutyrate, gamma-butyrolactone and 1,4-butanediol. Clinical Toxicology 50:6, pages 458-470.
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J. G. O'Toole, M. R. Kristian, L. Devereux & R. Kurien. (2009) Gamma‐hydroxybutyrate dependence in a rural setting in Wales. Journal of Substance Use 14:1, pages 70-74.
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Articles from other publishers (32)

Georgia Freeman, Krista J. Siefried, Darren M. Roberts, Craig Rodgers, Una Nic Ionmhain, Jay Ramanathan, Nadine Ezard & Jonathan Brett. (2022) Phenobarbital to manage severe gamma‐hydroxybutyrate withdrawal: A case series. Drug and Alcohol Review 42:1, pages 27-32.
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Icro Maremmani, Matteo Pacini & Angelo G. I. MaremmaniIcro Maremmani, Matteo Pacini & Angelo G. I. Maremmani. 2023. Dual Disorder Heroin Addicts. Dual Disorder Heroin Addicts 183 195 .
Ibtihal M Alattas, Sultan A Alwajeeh, Osama O Alamoudi, Abdulmajeed H Alzahrani & Badria A Alhatali. (2022) Withdrawal of Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate in a Saudi Male Patient: A Case Report. Cureus.
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Peter Neu. (2018) Verlauf und Komplikationen des GHB-Entzuges: eine 1‑Jahres-FallserieCourse and complications of GHB detoxification treatment: a 1-year case series. Der Nervenarzt 90:5, pages 509-515.
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Peter Neu. (2017) Gammahydroxybutyrat und seine psychiatrischen Implikationen. DNP - Der Neurologe & Psychiater 18:5, pages 22-26.
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Rama M. Kamal, Martijn S. van Noorden, Wim Wannet, Harmen Beurmanjer, Boukje A. G. Dijkstra & Arnt Schellekens. (2016) Pharmacological Treatment in γ-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and γ-Butyrolactone (GBL) Dependence: Detoxification and Relapse Prevention. CNS Drugs 31:1, pages 51-64.
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David M. Wood. 2017. Critical Care Toxicology. Critical Care Toxicology 1555 1586 .
Rama M. Kamal, Martijn S. van Noorden, Ernst Franzek, Boukje A.G. Dijkstra, Anton J.M. Loonen & Cornelius A.J. De Jong. (2016) The Neurobiological Mechanisms of Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate Dependence and Withdrawal and Their Clinical Relevance: A Review. Neuropsychobiology 73:2, pages 65-80.
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David M. Wood. 2016. Critical Care Toxicology. Critical Care Toxicology 1 32 .
Martijn S. van Noorden, Rama M. Kamal, Boukje A.G. Dijkstra, Rob Mauritz & Cor A.J. de Jong. (2015) A Case Series of Pharmaceutical Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate in 3 Patients With Severe Benzodiazepine-Resistant Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate Withdrawal in the Hospital. Psychosomatics 56:4, pages 404-409.
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Maja-Klara Lundahl, Karl Johan Olovsson, Ylva Rönngren & Karl-Gustaf Norbergh. (2014) Nurse's perspectives on care provided for patients with gamma-hydroxybutyric acid and gamma-butyrolactone abuse. Journal of Clinical Nursing 23:17-18, pages 2589-2598.
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Martijn van Noorden & Trudy van Dijken. (2014) GHB-intoxicaties en -onthouding in het algemeen ziekenhuis. Verslaving 10:3, pages 33-44.
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LUCIO GHIO, ALICE CERVETTI, MATTEO RESPINO, MARTINO BELVEDERI MURRI & MARIO AMORE. (2014) Management and Treatment of Gamma Butyrolactone Withdrawal Syndrome. Journal of Psychiatric Practice 20:4, pages 294-300.
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Amy K. Goodwin, K. Michael Gibson & Elise M. Weerts. (2013) Physical dependence on gamma-hydroxybutrate (GHB) prodrug 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD): Time course and severity of withdrawal in baboons. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 132:3, pages 427-433.
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Joseph ChienGina OstermannSusan Beckwitt Turkel. (2013) Sodium Oxybate-Induced Psychosis and Suicide Attempt in an 18-Year-Old Girl. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 23:4, pages 300-301.
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Albert Batalla, Daniel Ilzarbe, Jaime González & Victoria Soler. (2012) Síndrome de abstinencia por consumo abusivo de precursores de éxtasis líquido. Medicina Clínica 139:4, pages 181-182.
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Louis A. Pagliaro & Ann Marie Pagliaro. 2011. Handbook of Child and Adolescent Drug and Substance Abuse. Handbook of Child and Adolescent Drug and Substance Abuse 371 453 .
David M. Wood, Alan D. Brailsford & Paul I. Dargan. (2011) Acute toxicity and withdrawal syndromes related to gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and its analogues gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD). Drug Testing and Analysis 3:7-8, pages 417-425.
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Jørgen Bramness & Siren Haugland. (2011) Misbruk av gammahydroksybutyrat. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening 131:21, pages 2122-2125.
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Pamela C. Brown, Jacqueline Alfonso & Michael E. Dunn. (2011) Gamma Hydroxybutyrate Use: Exploring the Influence of Outcome Expectancies Through Memory Modeling. The American Journal on Addictions, pages no-no.
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Michael A Kuiper, Nicole Peikert & E Christiaan Boerma. (2009) Gamma-hydroxybutyrate withdrawal syndrome: a case report. Cases Journal 2:1.
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Laurent Karila, Johanne Novarin, Bruno Megarbane, Olivier Cottencin, Sylvain Dally, William Lowenstein & Michel Reynaud. (2009) Acide gamma-hydroxy-butyrique (GHB) : plus qu’un agent de soumission chimique, une véritable source d’addiction. La Presse Médicale 38:10, pages 1526-1538.
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Martijn S. van Noorden, Lieselotte C.A.M. van Dongen, Frans G. Zitman & Ton (A.)C.M. Vergouwen. (2009) Gamma-hydroxybutyrate withdrawal syndrome: dangerous but not well-known. General Hospital Psychiatry 31:4, pages 394-396.
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Florian D. Zepf, Martin Holtmann, Eftichia Duketis, Joachim Maier, Daniel Radeloff, Shella Schirman, Angela Wagner, Fritz Poustka & Lars Wöckel. (2009) Entzugsdelir nach Missbrauch von GHB-(Gamma-Hydroxybutyrat) und seiner Vorstufen. Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie 37:5, pages 413-420.
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Jeremy M. Wojtowicz, Mark C. Yarema & Paul M. Wax. (2015) Withdrawal from gamma-hydroxybutyrate, 1,4-butanediol and gamma-butyrolactone: a case report and systematic review. CJEM 10:01, pages 69-74.
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RICHARD LYNTON. 2007. Haddad and Winchester's Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose. Haddad and Winchester's Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose 687 694 .
Amy K. Goodwin, Roland R. Griffiths, P. Rand Brown, Wolfgang Froestl, Cornelis Jakobs, K. Michael Gibson & Elise M. Weerts. (2006) Chronic intragastric administration of gamma-butyrolactone produces physical dependence in baboons. Psychopharmacology 189:1, pages 71-82.
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Véronique Kemmel, Monique Miehe, Guy Roussel, Omar Taleb, Karine Nail‐Boucherie, Christiane Marchand, Christine Stutz, Christian Andriamampandry, Dominique Aunis & Michel Maitre. (2006) Immunohistochemical localization of a GHB receptor‐like protein isolated from rat brain. Journal of Comparative Neurology 498:4, pages 508-524.
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. 2006. Drug and Alcohol Abuse. Drug and Alcohol Abuse 41 67 .
Elise M. Weerts, Amy K. Goodwin, Roland R. Griffiths, P. Rand Brown, Wolfgang Froestl, Cornelis Jakobs & K. Michael Gibson. (2005) Spontaneous and precipitated withdrawal after chronic intragastric administration of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) in baboons. Psychopharmacology 179:3, pages 678-687.
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J. Rodgers, C. H. Ashton, E. Gilvarry & A. H. Young. (2018) Liquid ecstasy: a new kid on the dance floor. British Journal of Psychiatry 184:2, pages 104-106.
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Asim F Tarabar & Lewis S Nelson. (2004) The ??-Hydroxybutyrate Withdrawal Syndrome. Toxicological Reviews 23:1, pages 45-49.
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