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Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain Volume 7, 1999 - Issue 1-2
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Original Article

Diagnostic Criteria of Myofascial Pain Caused by Trigger Points

David G. Simons Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California, Irvine, CACorrespondence[email protected]
Pages 111-120 | Published online: 16 Jan 2010

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Richa Kashyap, Amir Iqbal & Ahmad H Alghadir. (2018) Controlled intervention to compare the efficacies of manual pressure release and the muscle energy technique for treating mechanical neck pain due to upper trapezius trigger points. Journal of Pain Research 11, pages 3151-3160.
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Jen-Ting Huang, Han-Yu Chen, Chang-Zern Hong, Ming-Ta Lin, Li-Wei Chou, Hsin-Shui Chen, Chien-Tsung Tsai & Wen-Dien Chang. (2014) Lumbar facet injection for the treatment of chronic piriformis myofascial pain syndrome: 52 case studies. Patient Preference and Adherence 8, pages 1105-1111.
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Miguel Gorenberg & Kobi Schwartz. (2013) Imaging-guided hyperstimulation analgesia in low back pain. Journal of Pain Research 6, pages 487-491.
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Ming-Ta Lin, Hsin-Shui Chen, Li-Wei Chou & Chang-Zern Hong. (2011) Treatment of Attachment Trigger Points in the Gluteal Muscles to Cure Chronic Gluteal Pain: A Case Report. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 19:1, pages 31-34.
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Orlando Mayoral del Moral. (2010) Dry Needling Treatments for Myofascial Trigger Points. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 18:4, pages 411-416.
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Kai-Hua Chen, Chang-Zern Hong, Hung-Chih Hsu, Shyi-Kuen Wu, Fang-Chuan Kuo & Yueh-Ling Hsieh. (2010) Dose-dependent and Ceiling Effects of Therapeutic Laser on Myofascial Trigger Spots in Rabbit Skeletal Muscles. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 18:3, pages 235-245.
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Tuula A Ojala, Jukka S Jurvelin, Juhani V Partanen & Jari PA Arokoski. (2010) Soft Tissue Stiffness Before and after Trigger Point Injections in Neck–Shoulder Myofascial Pain Syndrome: A Double-Blind, Randomized, and Controlled Crossover Trial with Botulinum Toxin A and Saline Injections. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 18:1, pages 38-48.
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Hung-Chih Hsu & Chang-Zern Hong. (2008) Floating Kidney with Chronic Myofascial Pain Syndrome in the AbdominalMuscles as the Major Clinical Manifestation: A Case Report. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 16:3, pages 199-204.
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David G. Simons. (2007) Orphan Organ. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 15:2, pages 7-9.
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Chun-Fu Wang, Mou Chen, Min-Ta Lin, Ta-Shen Kuan & Chang-Zern Hong. (2006) Teres Minor Tendinitis Manifested with Chronic Myofascial Pain Syndrome in the Scapular Muscles: A Case Report. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 14:1, pages 39-43.
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Shyi-Kuen Wu, Chang-Zern Hong, Jia-Yuan You, Chiung-Ling Chen, Lin-Hwa Wang & Fong-Chin Su. (2005) Therapeutic Effect on the Change of Gait Performance in Chronic Calf Myofascial Pain Syndrome: A Time Series Case Study. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 13:3, pages 33-43.
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Wolfgang Müller & Thomas Stratz. (2005) The Use of the 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonist Tropisetron in Trigger Point Therapy: A Pilot Study. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 13:2, pages 43-48.
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Chang-Zern Hong. (2004) Myofascial Pain Therapy. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 12:3-4, pages 37-43.
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Savitha S. Reddy, Muhammad B. Yunus, Fatma Inanici & Jean C. Aldag. (2000) Tender Point Injections Are Beneficial in Fibromyalgia Syndrome: A Descriptive, Open Study. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 8:4, pages 7-18.
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David G. Simons. (1999) Myofascial Pain Syndromes-Trigger Points. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 7:3, pages 103-113.
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Chang-Zern Hong. (1999) Current Research on Myofascial Trigger Points–Pathophysiological Studies. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 7:1-2, pages 121-129.
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Alyssa Conte da Silva, Jéssica Bianca Aily & Stela Marcia Mattiello. (2023) Ischemic compression associated with joint mobilization does not promote additional clinical effects in individuals with rotator cuff related shoulder pain: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies 36, pages 335-342.
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Preeti Gazbare, Manisha Rathi & Dhanashree Channe. (2023) Effect of myofascial cupping vs integrated neuromuscular inhibition techniques on pain and neck movement in individuals with latent trigger point in trapezius. Hong Kong Physiotherapy Journal 43:01, pages 73-80.
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Petra Baeumler, Kerstin Hupe & Dominik Irnich. (2023) Proposal of a diagnostic algorithm for myofascial trigger points based on a multiple correspondence analysis of cross-sectional data. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 24:1.
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Soo-Ji Sirh, So-Woon Sirh, Hah-Yong Mun & Heon-Man Sirh. (2022) Importance of quadratus lumborum muscle trigger point injection and prolotherapy technique for lower back and buttock pain. Frontiers in Pain Research 3.
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Sean McTiernan. (2022) The physiological mechanisms of acupuncture analgesia and its applications within veterinary practice. The Veterinary Nurse 13:6, pages 272-277.
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U‐Wai Lok, Chengwu Huang, Chenyun Zhou, Lulu Yang, Wenwu Ling, Shanshan Tang, Ping Gong, Timothy J. Madson, Mark A. Jensen, Ralph E. Gay & Shigao Chen. (2021) Quantitative Shear Wave Speed Assessment for Muscles With the Diagnosis of Taut Bands and/or Myofascial Trigger Points Using Probe Oscillation Shear Wave Elastography: A Pilot Study. Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine 41:4, pages 845-854.
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Ahmad S. Naja, Naji Madi, Yehia Tfayli, Fouad Ziade, Georges Haber, Saleh Kanawati & Zoher Naja. (2021) Deep Cervical Plexus Block for Neck and Shoulder Pain Due to Myofascial Pain. The Clinical Journal of Pain 37:2, pages 133-139.
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Alyssa Conte Da Silva, Jéssica Bianca Aily, Ana Beatriz Oliveira & Stela Marcia Mattiello. (2020) Interrater and Intrarater Reliability and Minimum Detectable Change of Ultrasound for Active Myofascial Trigger Points in Upper Trapezius Muscle in Individuals With Shoulder Pain. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 43:9, pages 855-863.
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Simon Vulfsons & Amir Minerbi. (2020) The Case for Comorbid Myofascial Pain—A Qualitative Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17:14, pages 5188.
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O. V. Shimarova, V. V. Malakhovskiy & V. G. Zilov. (2020) Pathophysiological substantiation of the complex approach to rehabilitation of patients with myofascial pain syndrome of the neck region. Physical and rehabilitation medicine, medical rehabilitation 2:1, pages 66-70.
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Mohammad NasbXu QunCharith Ruckmal WithanageXie LingfengChen Hong. (2020) Dry Cupping, Ischemic Compression, or Their Combination for the Treatment of Trigger Points: A Pilot Randomized Trial. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 26:1, pages 44-50.
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Qing-Guang Liu, Qiang-Min Huang, Lin Liu & Thi-Tham Nguyen. (2019) Structural and functional abnormalities of motor endplates in rat skeletal model of myofascial trigger spots. Neuroscience Letters 711, pages 134417.
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Pandurangan Rajkannan & Rajagopalan Vijayaraghavan. (2019) Dry needling in chronic abdominal wall pain of uncertain origin. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies 23:1, pages 94-98.
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Dale S. Elsdon, Selina Spanswick, Chris Zaslawski & Peter C. Meier. (2017) Protocol: Testing the Relevance of Acupuncture Theory in the Treatment of Myofascial Pain in the Upper Trapezius Muscle. Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies 10:1, pages 67-74.
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Francisco Alburquerque-Sendín, Paula R. Camargo, Amilton Vieira & Tania F. Salvini. (2013) Bilateral Myofascial Trigger Points and Pressure Pain Thresholds in the Shoulder Muscles in Patients With Unilateral Shoulder Impingement Syndrome. The Clinical Journal of Pain 29:6, pages 478-486.
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