Gender and circadian preferences influence emotions and motivation in secondary mathematics classrooms

Figures & data

Table 1. Data collection time table.

Time	N	%	Time	N	%	Time	N	%	Time	N	%	Time	N	%
09:00	30	5.0	10:45	15	2.5	12:00	47	7.8	14:30	116	19.4	15:30	43	7.2
09:10	26	4.3	10:50	15	2.5	13:30	19	3.2	14:40	13	2.2	15:45	25	4.2
09:40	25	4.2	11:15	33	5.5	13:35	17	2.8	14:50	16	2.7	16:00	34	5.7
09:45	24	4.0	11:40	48	8.0	14:00	28	4.7	15:15	25	4.2

Table 2. Descriptive statistics of the sample.

Variable	Range	Mean	SD	Skewness	Kurtosis
Age	13–18	15.75	1.03	0.03	−0.61
Application time	9:00–16:00	12:59	2:15	−0.39	0.23
Morning Affect (MA)	5–25	14.93	4.22	−0.25	−0.39
Distinctness (DI)	5–25	14.65	3.20	0.01	0.34
Eveningness (EV)	5–25	17.80	4.19	−0.34	−0.26
Interest enjoyment (IMI)	1–5	3.16	0.98	−0.31	−0.34
Perceived competence (IMI)	1–5	3.31	1.03	−0.33	−0.35
Perceived choice (IMI)	1–5	3.22	0.87	−0.30	0.11
Pressure/tension (IMI)	1–5	2.02	0.98	0.64	0.27
Interest (SE)	1–5	3.68	0.95	−0.64	−0.10
Well-being (SE)	1–5	3.64	1.02	−0.63	−0.07
Boredom (SE)	1–5	2.85	1.00	0.13	−0.76

Table 3. Comparison of boys and girls in the different study variables.

	Male	(N = 316)	Female	(N = 283)
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	T	p
Age	15.73	1.05	15.78	1.00	−0.591	0.554
Application time	13:03	02:12	12:54	02:19	0.786	0.432
MA (Morning Affect)	14.68	3.98	15.21	4.46	−1.542	0.124
EV (Eveningness)	17.34	4.30	18.32	4.01	−2.873	0.004
DI (Distinctness)	16.14	2.99	14.47	3.20	6.571	<0.001
Sleep duration free days	10:01	01:36	09:10	01:58	5.797	<0.001
Sleep duration school days	08:12	01:03	08:04	01:10	1.368	0.172
Interest enjoyment (IMI)	3.14	0.95	3.19	1.02	−0.740	0.460
Perceived competence (IMI)	3.22	1.02	3.41	1.04	−2.335	0.020
Perceived choice (IMI)	3.16	0.85	3.28	0.89	−1.737	0.083
Pressure tension (IMI)	2.01	1.02	2.03	0.94	−0.316	0.752
Interest (SE)	3.75	0.93	3.60	0.96	1.946	0.052
Well-being (SE)	3.63	1.00	3.65	1.04	−0.340	0.734
Boredom (SE)	2.83	0.98	2.87	1.03	−0.507	0.612

Table 4. Correlations between the intrinsic motivation inventory (IMI) and situational emotions (SE) dimensions and morning affect (MA), distinctness (DI), eveningness (EV), sleep duration on weekdays (SD), application time (AT), and age.

	IMI				SE
	Enjoyment	Perceived Competence	Perceived Choice	Pressure/ Tension	Interest	Well-being	Boredom
MA	.275**	.192**	.069	−.164**	.180**	.289**	−.367**
DI	.235**	.230**	.100*	−.186**	.213**	.211**	−.278**
EV	.040	.003	.064	−.096*	.045	−.030	.051
SD	.109**	.032	.021	.003	.070	.047	−.101*
AT	−.052	−.066	−.009	.006	−.003	−.086*	.114**
Age	−.054	.034	.085*	.022	−.086*	−.047	.066

*denotes p < .05, ** denotes p < .001.

Table 5. General linear multivariate model assesses the effects of gender on the enjoyment, perceived competence, perceived choice and pressure/tension with the covariate variables MA (Morning Affect), DI (Distinctness), EV (Eveningness), application time, and age.

Independent	Dependent	df	F	p	η^2
Gender	Enjoyment	1	.696	0.404	.001
	Perceived competence	1	.883	0.348	.001
	Perceived choice	1	1.078	0.300	.002
	Pressure/tension	1	3.195	0.074	.005
Age	Enjoyment	1	.464	0.496	.001
	Perceived competence	1	1.852	0.174	.003
	Perceived choice	1	5.300	0.022	.009
	Pressure tension	1	.000	0.984	.000
Application time	Enjoyment	1	1.327	0.250	.002
	Perceived competence	1	2.177	0.141	.004
	Perceived choice	1	.010	0.922	.000
	Pressure/tension	1	.020	0.889	.000
MA	Enjoyment	1	28.358	<0.001	.046
	Perceived competence	1	9.126	0.003	.015
	Perceived choice	1	1.569	0.211	.003
	Pressure/tension	1	8.521	0.004	.014
DI	Enjoyment	1	12.225	0.001	.020
	Perceived competence	1	15.174	<0.001	.025
	Perceived choice	1	2.344	0.126	.004
	Pressure/tension	1	11.467	0.001	.019
EV	Enjoyment	1	2.145	0.144	.004
	Perceived competence	1	.000	0.984	.000
	Perceived choice	1	2.251	0.134	.004
	Pressure/tension	1	7.383	0.007	.012

In bold: significant values.

Table 6. General linear multivariate model assesses the effects of gender on interest, well-being, and boredom with the covariate variables MA, DI, EV, application time, and age.

Independent	Dependent	df	F	p	η^2
Gender	Interest	1	13.020	0.000	.022
	Well-being	1	.857	0.355	.001
	Boredom	1	5.579	0.019	.009
Age	Interest	1	2.473	0.116	.004
	Well-being	1	.274	0.601	.000
	Boredom	1	.641	0.424	.001
Application time	Interest	1	.006	0.938	.000
	Well-being	1	4.786	0.029	.008
	Boredom	1	9.644	0.002	.016
MA	Interest	1	7.720	0.006	.013
	Well-being	1	32.609	<0.001	.052
	Boredom	1	54.501	<0.001	.085
DI	Interest	1	20.559	<0.001	.034
	Well-being	1	8.512	0.004	.014
	Boredom	1	19.892	<0.001	.033
EV	Interest	1	2.487	0.115	.004
	Well-being	1	.081	0.776	.000
	Boredom	1	.436	0.509	.001

In bold: significant values.