Green industry development in different types of regions

Figures & data

Table 1. Regional typology for green industry development.

	Peripheral region	Specialized region		Metropolitan region
Support system for innovation and entrepreneurship	Weak and limited	Strong in supporting sector-specific innovation, but weak in provision of generic resources		Strong and comprehensive
Regional industrial specialization	No specialization	Specialization in a green industry	Specialization in a dirty industry	Mix of industrial specializations
Forms of green path development	Regional emergence of a green industrial specialization Upgrading of existing embryonic green industries	Growing existing green industrial specializations Diversification into other green industries based on accumulated knowledge and resources	Introduce new technologies to green the dirty industry Diversification into green industries based on existing competencies	Developing new technologies for green industries Forms of path development for green and dirty industries apply also in this context Shift resources from dirty to green industries

Table 2. Place-based green industry development policies.

	Peripheral region	Specialization in a green industry	Specialization in a dirty industry	Metropolitan region
Policy objective	Develop specialization in a green industry through path upgrading and path emergence	Grow existing specializations and develop new ones through path diversification	Transform dirty into green through path upgrading and path diversification	Develop and grow green industries and transform dirty into green through path emergence, diversification and upgrading
Targeting actors	Attract external actors in a green industry Strengthen capabilities of existing actors in a green niche Develop governance learning capabilities	Build a critical mass, accumulate experience and resources, and develop economies of scales Build competencies in developing business models and growing businesses Stimulate intrapreneurship in green incumbents	Build competencies in technologies/solutions needed for greening the industry addressing both firms, but also higher educational institutes and government Attract actors from outside the region with such competencies Stimulate green intrapreneurship in dirty incumbents Promote green institutional entrepreneurs	Build a critical mass, accumulate experience and resources, and develop economies of scales Build competencies in developing business models and growing businesses Stimulate green entrepreneurship Support identification of lead users for new green technologies Develop capabilities on green public procurement for innovation Promote capabilities for experimentation among non-firm actors
Targeting networks	Strengthen extra-regional networks to key players related to the niche Strengthen extra-regional networks to universities Coordinate between actors involved in technology diffusion Establish networks to learn from extra-regional policymakers Connect to and build on green directionality exercised by global level actors	Strengthen networks to providers of entrepreneurial resources Strengthen networks to unrelated industries Foster coalition between the private and public sector around the green path	Strengthen networks to unrelated knowledge sources that may contribute to greening Break-up alliances that hinder green restructuring Encourage collaboration between incumbents, start-ups and civil society Challenge established regional hierarchies in policymaking	Strengthen networks between dirty and green industries regionally Strengthen university industry links Stimulate interaction between producers and lead user Encourage collaboration between heterogeneous actors
Targeting institutions	Provide institutionalized access to resources available in core regions Promote open, outward looking mindedness Develop a shared green vision among multiple actor groups Establish and promote green policy rationales Set green objectives that provide direction in an actionable way Promote green industry development across policy domains	Promote a global market perspective Coordinate green diversification policies across multiple policy fields Establish systematic evaluation and learning mechanisms for diversification policies	Provide incentives for adopting green and disincentives for dirty technologies Provide incentives for diversification experiments Provide assistance in accessing funding devoted to greening Develop a ‘becoming green’ vision and align policies accordingly Support green test and demonstration projects Promote risk-taking behaviour and acceptance of failure	Decrease institutional boundaries between industries Increase incentives for mobility between industries as well as sectors Support the development of new green paths by creating local demand Promote social acceptance for green emerging technologies Gradually increase exposure of experiments to selection pressures Align policies targeting multiple industries

Italics: initiatives addressing structural innovation system failures; underlined: initiatives addressing transformative innovation policy challenges.