Revisiting the role of phospholipases in alzheimer’s: crosstalk with processed food

Abstract

Phospholipases such as phospholipase-A, phospholipase-B, phospholipase-C and phospholipase-D are important functional enzymes of the cell membrane responsible for a variety of functions such as signal transduction, production of lipid mediators, metabolite digestion and playing a pathological role in central nervous system diseases. Phospholipases have shown an association with Alzheimer’s disease and these enzymes have found a correlation with several metabolic pathways that can lead to the activation of inflammatory signals via astrocytes and microglial cells. We also highlighted unhealthy practices like smoking and consuming processed foods, rich in nitroso compounds and phosphatidic acid, which contribute to neuronal damage in AD through phospholipases. A few therapeutic approaches such as the use of inhibitors of phospholipase-D,phospholipase A2 as well as autophagy-mediated inhibition have been discussed to control the onset of AD. This paper serves as a crosstalk between phospholipases and their role in neurodegenerative pathways as well as their influence on other biomolecules of lipid membranes, which are acquired through unhealthy diets and possible methods to treat these anomalies occurring due to their metabolic disorder involving phospholipases acting as major signaling molecules.

Keywords:

• Phospholipase
• alzheimer’s disease
• nitroso-compounds
• phosphatidic acid
• processed foods

Authors’ contributions

AP, SJ and NKP wrote and edited the manuscript; AP and SJ edited and contributed all the Figures of the manuscript; TAD and NKP assisted in editing the final version of the manuscript. The author(s) read and approved the final manuscript.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

Financial support to Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, in the form of DST-FIST project (DST/2022/1012) from Govt. of India, is gratefully acknowledged.