Teachers’ Emotional and Behavioral Support and Preschoolers’ Self-Regulation: Relations With Social and Emotional Skills During Play

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive Statistics and Correlations for Main Predictor and Outcome Variables.

Variable	M	SD	Range	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
Child level (Level 1)
1. Age (months)	37.45	3.49	28.00–45.00	—
2. Gender (1 = girl; %)	47.8			.11	—
3. Non-Dutch (%)	39.6			.05	.00	—
4. Behavioral self-regulation	3.54	1.04	1.00–5.00	−.16	−.13	.06	—
5. Social integration	2.56	0.66	1.50–4.00	.21*	.10	.08	−.09	—
6. Positive mood	2.42	0.59	1.50–4.00	.11	.09	.10	.06	.65**	—
Classroom level (Level 2)
7. Emotional and behavioral support	4.97	0.43	4.20–6.15	−.08	.12	−.13	.01	.06	.16	—
8. Classroom diversity	4.80	3.68	1.00–10.00	.24*	−.03	.57*	−.05	.04	.07	−.20*	—
9. Number of children^a	5.66	1.42	3.00–10.00	−.10	−.14	−.22*	−.05	−.24*	−.17	.02	−.22*	—
10. Type (1 = child care; %)	52.2			−.31*	−.03	−.33*	−.12	−.09	−.22*	.04	−.47*	−.24*	—

^aNumber of children present during the play situation with the kitchen materials.

*p < .05. **p < .01.

Table 2. Full Model Predicting Social Integration and Positive Mood.

	Social Integration		Positive Mood
Variable	B	SE	B	SE
Level 1—Child
Intercept	2.52	1.00	2.74	0.68
Age	0.02	0.02	0.00	0.02
Gender	0.03	0.13	0.06	0.12
Non-Dutch	0.07	0.20	0.05	0.18
Behavioral self-regulation	−0.06	0.07	0.03	0.05
Level 2—Classroom
Emotional and behavioral support	0.10	0.19	0.21*	0.08
Classroom diversity	−0.01	0.03	−0.05	0.02
Number of children	−0.11*	0.04	−0.05	0.03
Type (1 = child care)	−0.03	0.15	−0.22	0.13
ICC	.03		.01
AIC	1510.3

Note. ICC = intraclass correlation coefficient; AIC = Akaike’s information criterion.

*p < .05.

Table 3. Final Slopes as Outcomes Model Predicting Social Integration and Positive Mood.

	Social Integration		Positive Mood
Variable	B	SE	B	SE
Level 1—Child
Behavioral self-regulation	−0.02	0.06	0.04	0.05
Level 2—Classroom
Emotional and behavioral support	0.00	0.15	0.18*	0.08
Slope behavioral self-regulation | emotional and behavioral support	−0.41*	0.18	−0.13	0.10
ICC	.01		.01
AIC	1507.0

Note. The same covariates were included (see Table 2), and the regression coefficients were practically the same. ICC = intraclass correlation coefficient; AIC = Akaike’s information criterion.

*p < .05.

Figure 1. Cross-level interaction between child behavioral self-regulation and classroom emotional and behavioral support in relation to child social integration, including regions of significance (RoS; shaded areas). In this study, emotional and behavioral support scores ranged from 4.20 to 6.15, and behavioral self-regulation scores ranged from 1.00 to 5.00.