Early Childhood Risk-Taking Behaviors in Chinese Parenting Environment: The Mediating Role of Parental Supervision

Figures & data

Figure 1. Hypothesized mediation model of young children’s risk-taking behaviors.

Figure 2. Measurement model of young children’s risk-taking behaviors.

Table 1. Means and standard deviations of research factors and dimensions (N = 497).

	M	SD
Parental risk perceptions	2.264	0.494
Supervision needs	2.537	0.459
Injury likelihood	1.990	0.608
Parental attitudes	2.131	0.527
Learning value	2.110	0.372
Toughening up	2.158	0.692
Parental supervision	3.100	0.566
Protectiveness	3.121	0.621
Supervision beliefs	3.027	0.537
Tolerance	3.131	0.698
Belief in fate	3.069	0.418
Children’s risk-taking behaviors	1.028	0.534
Fall-related behaviors	1.721	0.815
Burn-related behaviors	0.490	0.462
Sharps-related behaviors	1.230	0.881
Other risk-taking behaviors	0.671	0.511

Table 2. Correlation coefficients (N = 497).

	1	2	3	4
1. Parental risk perceptions	–
2. Parental attitudes	−0.098*	–
3. Parental supervision	0.347**	0.099*	–
4. Children’s risk-taking	−0.183**	0.118**	−0.201**	–

*p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001.

Figure 3. Standardized estimates of the mediation model of young children’s risk-taking behaviors (N = 497). *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001.

Table 3. Regression weights of structural paths (N = 497).

Paths	B	SE	CR	p value
Perceptions→Supervision	0.584	0.085	6.863	<.001
Perceptions→Risk-taking	−0.157	0.079	−1.998	.046
Attitudes→Supervision	0.285	0.077	3.682	<.001
Attitudes→Risk-taking	0.221	0.080	2.755	.006
Supervision→Risk-taking	−0.238	0.068	−3.484	<.001

B = Regression Coefficient; SE = Standard Error; CR = Critical Ratio.

Table 4. Direct and indirect effects of the Model (N = 497).

Effects	Paths	Standardized Effects	SE	95%CI			p
				Proportion	Upper	Lower
Direct	Perceptions → Risk-taking	−0.158	0.091	53.20%	−0.324	0.041	.113
Indirect	Perceptions → Supervision → Risk-taking	−0.139	0.050	46.80%	−0.267	−0.062	<.001
Total	Perceptions → Risk-taking	−0.297	0.078	100.00%	−0.45	−0.14	<.001
Direct	Attitudes → Risk-taking	0.221	0.080	76.47%	0.090	0.413	.002
Indirect	Attitudes → Supervision → Risk-taking	−0.068	0.030	23.53%	−0.162	−0.027	<.001
Total	Attitudes → Risk-taking	0.154	0.072	100.00%	0.028	0.318	.018

SE = Standard Error; CI = Confidence Interval.

Table 5. Comparison cross gender models (N = 497).

Model	χ^2	df	CFI	RMSEA	SRMR	AIC	ECVI
Unconstrained	164.073	118	0.974	0.028	0.045	292.073	0.590
Constrained	176.095	135	0.977	0.025	0.052	270.095	0.546
∆χ^2	12.022
p	0.799