Early Childhood Risk-Taking Behaviors in Chinese Parenting Environment: The Mediating Role of Parental Supervision

References

• Ahadi, S. A., Rothbart, M. K., & Ye, R. (1993). Children’s temperament in the US and China: Similarities and differences. European Journal of Personality, 7(5), 359–378. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2410070506
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Hajj, S., El Haj, R., Chaaya, M., Sharara-Chami, R., & Mehmood, A. (2023). Child injuries in Lebanon: Assessing mothers’ injury prevention knowledge attitude and practices. Injury Epidemiology, 10(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40621-023-00434-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alqahtani, A., Aljaseer, N., & Kofi, M. (2021). The risk factors and parent perceptions regarding childhood poisoning: A descriptive cross-sectional study. International Journal of Advanced Community Medicine, 4(1), 44–53. https://doi.org/10.33545/comed.2021.v4.i1a.185
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, K. R., Ramos, W. D., & Schuman, J. T. (2021). The role of permission, supervision, and precipitating events in childhood pool/spa submersion incidents, United States, 2000–2017. International Journal of Environmental Research & Public Health, 18(16), 8776. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168776
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrade, C., Carita, A. I., Cordovil, R., & Barreiros, J. (2013). Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Portuguese version of the parental supervision attributes profile questionnaire. Injury Prevention, 19(6), 421–427. https://doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2013-040752
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barton, B., & Huston, J. (2012). The roles of child, parents and parental factors in pedestrian supervision. International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 19(2), 153–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/17457300.2011.635210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brussoni, M., & Olsen, L. (2012). The perils of overprotective parenting: Fathers’ perspectives explored. Child: Care, Health and Development, 39(2), 237–245. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2011.01361.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brussoni, M., Olsen, L. L., Pike, I., & Sleet, D. A. (2012). Risky play and children’s safety: Balancing priorities for optimal child development. International Journal of Environmental Research & Public Health, 9(9), 3134–3148. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9093134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, L. (2003). Research on the relation between sensation seeking and mental health in children and adolescent [ Master thesis, Northeast Normal University].
   Google Scholar
• Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 9(2), 233–255. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, M. (2015). Risk perception, risk attitude, and decision: A rank-dependent analysis. Mathematical Population Studies, 22(1), 53–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/08898480.2013.836425
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damashek, A., Borduin, C., & Ronis, S. (2014). The role of environmental hazard in mothers’ beliefs about appropriate supervision. Journal of Early Childhood Research, 12(1), 50–63. https://doi.org/10.1177/1476718X13498336
   Google Scholar
• Davis, S., & Eppler-Wolff, N. (2015). Raising children who soar: A guide to healthy risk-taking in an uncertain world. Teachers College Press.
   Google Scholar
• DeGeorge, K. C., Neltner, C. E., & Neltner, B. T. (2020). Prevention of unintentional childhood injury. American Family Physician, 102(7), 411–417. https://www.aafp.org/afp/2020/1001/p411-s1.html
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farizan, N. H., Sutan, R., & Mani, K. K. C. (2020). Will they swim or sink? Parental perception of water safety among their children. Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 16(1), 254–260.
   Google Scholar
• Gong, H., Lu, G., Ma, J., Zheng, J., Hu, F., Liu, J., Song, J., Hu, S., Sun, L., Chen, Y., Xie, L., Zhang, X., Duan, L., & Xu, H. (2021). Causes and characteristics of children unintentional injuries in emergency department and its implications for prevention. Frontiers in Public Health, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.669125
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray, P. (2014, April 7). Risky play: Why children love it and need it. Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/freedom-learn/201404/risky-play-why-children-love-it-and-need-it
   Google Scholar
• Hao, J. (2020). A comparative study of young children’s risk-taking behavior in China and U.S.: A multiple-group path analysis [ Doctoral dissertation, The University of Memphis].
   Google Scholar
• Hao, J., & Hsueh, Y. (2018). Chinese preschoolers’ risk-taking behaviors: A tripartite relation. International Journal of Child Care and Education Policy, 12(10). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40723-018-0049-y
   Google Scholar
• Hao, J., & Hsueh, Y. (2019, March 22). The role of parents in Chinese preschoolers’ risk-taking behavior [Poster presentation]. Society for Research in Child Development. https://convention2.allacademic.com/one/srcd/srcd19/index.php?cmd=Online+Program+View+Paper&selected_paper_id=1453639&PHPSESSID=uaqr30v5vokoao6hudtjffmff4
   Google Scholar
• Harrell, W. A. (2003). Dangerous activities by children in grocery carts: Is adult supervision important? Psychological Reports, 92(3), 957–962. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2003.92.3.957
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsee, C., & Weber, E. U. (1998). Cross-cultural differences in risk perception, but cross-cultural similarities in attitudes towards perceived risk. Management Science, 44(9), 1205–1217. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.44.9.1205
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, Y. (2015). The children’s risk propensity and the relationship with parents’ risk attitude — the research on the different risk situations [ Master thesis, Southwest University].
   Google Scholar
• Huang, R., Li, J., & Li, W. (2014). The effects of tolerance of uncertainty on risk preferences and its context-dependency. Journal of Psychological Science, 37(6), 1302–1307. https://doi.org/10.16719/j.cnki.1671-6981.2014.06.007
   Google Scholar
• Karaca, N. H. (2020). Development process of “scale for the attitudes towards risky play at early childhood (SATRPEC) - parent form”. International Journal of Contemporary Educational Research, 7(1), 165–176. https://doi.org/10.33200/ijcer.657518
   Google Scholar
• Keatinge, W. R., Prys-Roberts, C., Cooper, K. E., Honour, A. J., & Haight, J. (1969). Sudden failure of swimming in cold water. The British Medical Journal, 1(5642), 480–483. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.1.5642.480
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kogan, S. M., Brody, G. H., Gibbons, F. X., Chen, Y., Grange, C. M., Simons, R. L., & Gerrard, M. (2011). Mechanisms of family impact on African American Adolescents’ HIV-Related behavior. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21(2), 361–375. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00672.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam, L. T. (2001). Parental risk perceptions of childhood pedestrian road safety. Journal of Safety Research, 32(4), 465–478. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-4375(01)00061-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, H. E., Kim, J. Y., & Kim, C. (2022). The influence of parent media use, parent attitude on media, and parenting style on children’s media use. Children-Basel, 9(1), 37. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9010037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, T. L., DiLillo, D., & Peterson, L. (2004). Parental beliefs about the developmental benefits of unintentional childhood injuries. American Journal of Health Behavior, 28(1), 861–868. https://doi.org/10.5993/AJHB.28.s1.7
   Google Scholar
• Li, J., & Luo, L. (2016). Characteristics analysis on snacks risk cognition of parents of preschool children in Beijing city from perspective of risk communication. Food and Nutrition in China, 22(2), 46–50. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-9577.2016.02.010
   Google Scholar
• Li, K., & Wang, Y. (2020). The present situation and improvement of adventure games of children in kindergarten. Journal of Studies in Early Childhood Education, 12, 82–85. https://doi.org/10.13861/j.cnki.sece.2020.12.009
   Google Scholar
• Liang, Z., Xiao, M., & Han, L. (2019). The influence of materialism and time pressure on risky decision-making. Journal of Psychological Science, 42(6), 1422–1427. https://doi.org/10.16719/j.cnki.1671-6981.20190621
   Google Scholar
• Liu, J. (2020). Exploration and comparison of risky play in kindergartens —— taking Norway and Anji, Shanghai kindergartens as examples [ Master thesis, East China Normal University].
   Google Scholar
• Liu, W., Tung, T., Zhou, Y., Gu, D., & Chen, H. (2022). The relationship between knowledge, attitude, practice, and fall prevention for childhood in Shanghai, China. Frontiers in Public Health, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.848122
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, M. S., Hennefield, L., Tillman, R., & Markson, L. (2023). Optimistic children engage in more constructive risk-taking behaviors. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 47(1), 72–81. https://doi.org/10.1177/01650254221132766
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McBride, B. A., & Mills, G. (1993). A comparison of mother and father involvement with their preschool age children. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 8(4), 457–477. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0885-2006(05)80080-8
   Google Scholar
• Morrongiello, B. A. (2018). Preventing unintentional injuries to young children in the home: Understanding and influencing parents’ safety practices. Child Development Perspectives, 12(4), 217–222. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12287
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrongiello, B. A., & Dawber, T. (2000). Mothers’ responses to sons and daughters engaging in injury-risk behaviors on a playground: Implications for sex differences in injury rates. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 76, 89–103. https://doi.org/10.1006/jecp.2000.2572
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrongiello, B. A., & Dawber, T. (2004). Identifying factors that relate to children’s risk-taking decisions. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 36(4), 255–266. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0087235
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrongiello, B. A., & Dawber, T. (2010). Mothers’ responses to sons and daughters engaging in injury-risk behaviors on a playground: Implications for sex differences in injury rates. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 76, 89–103. https://doi.org/10.1006/jecp.2000.2572
   Google Scholar
• Morrongiello, B. A., & House, K. (2004). Measuring parent attributes and supervision behaviors relevant to child injury risk: Examining the usefulness of questionnaire measures. Injury Prevention, 10(2), 114–118. https://doi.org/10.1136/ip.2003.003459
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrongiello, B. A., & McArthur, A. (2018). Parent supervision to prevent injuries to young children. University of Guelph. http://www.child-encyclopedia.com/parenting-skills/according-experts/parent-supervision-prevent-injuries-young-children
   Google Scholar
• Morrongiello, B. A., McArthur, B. A., Goodman, S., & Bell, M. (2015). Don’t touch the gadget because it’s hot! Mothers’ and children’s behavior in the presence of a contrived hazard at home: Implications for supervising children. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 40(1), 85–95. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsu056
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrongiello, B. A., Sandomierski, M., & Spence, J. R. (2014). Changes over swim lessons in parents’ perceptions of children’s supervision needs in drowning risk situations: “His swimming has improved so now he can keep himself safe”. Health Psychology, 33(7), 608–615. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033881
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrongiello, B. A., Zdzieborski, D., & Normand, J. (2010). Understanding gender differences in children’s risk taking and injury: A comparison of mothers’ and fathers’ reactions to sons and daughters misbehaving in ways that lead to injury. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 31(4), 322–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2010.05.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrongiello, B. A., Zdzieborski, D., & Stewart, J. (2012). Supervision of children in agricultural settings: Implications for injury risk and prevention. Journal of Aeromedicine, 17(2), 149–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/1059924X.2012.655127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrongiello, B., & Schell, S. L. (2010). Child injury: The role of supervision in prevention. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 4(1), 65–74. https://doi.org/10.1177/1559827609348475
   Google Scholar
• Morrongiello, B., Schmidt, S., & Schell, S. L. (2010). Sibling supervision and young children’s risk of injury: A comparison of mothers’ and older siblings’ reactions to risk taking by a younger child in the family. Social Science & Medicine, 71(5), 958–965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.05.047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myhre, A., Xiong, T., Vogel, R. I., & Teoh, D. (2020). Associations between risk-perception, self-efficacy and vaccine response-efficacy and parent/guardian decision-making regarding adolescent HPV vaccination. Papillomavirus Research, 10, 100204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pvr.2020.100204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mythen, G., & Ulrich, B. (2004). A critical introduction to the risk society. Pluto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Napper, L. E., Grimaldi, E. M., & LaBrie, J. W. (2015). Parents’ and students’ perceptions of college alcohol risk: The role of parental risk perception in intentions to communicate about alcohol. Addictive Behaviors, 42, 114–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.10.035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niehues, A. N., Bundy, A., Broom, A., & Tranter, P. (2016). Reframing healthy risk taking: Parents’ dilemmas and strategies to promote children’s well-being. Journal of Occupational Science, 23(4), 449–463. https://doi.org/10.1080/14427591.2016.1209424
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peden, A. E., & Franklin, R. C. (2020). Causes of distraction leading to supervision lapses in cases of fatal drowning of children 0–4 years in Australia: A 15-year review. Journal of Pediatrics and Child Health, 56(3), 450–456. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.14668
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollack-Nelson, C., & Drago, D. A. (2002). Supervision of children aged two through six years. Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 9(2), 121–126. https://doi.org/10.1076/icsp.9.2.121.8696
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rieger, M. O., Wang, M., & Hens, T. (2014). Risk preferences around the world. Management Science, Articles in Advance, 12, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2013.1869
   Google Scholar
• Saluja, G., Brenner, R., Morrongiello, B. A., Haynie, D., Rivera, M., & Cheng, T. L. (2004). The role of supervision in child injury risk: Definition, conceptual and measurement issues. Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 11(1), 17–22. https://doi.org/10.1076/icsp.11.1.17.26310
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sando, O., Kleppe, R., & Sandseter, E. (2021). Risky play and children’s well-being, involvement and physical activity. Child Indicators Research, 14(7), 1435–1451. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-021-09804-5
   Google Scholar
• Sandseter, E. B. H. (2010). Scary funny: A qualitative study of risky play among preschool children [ Doctoral dissertation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology].
   Google Scholar
• Schwebel, D. C., Brezausek, C. M., & Belsky, J. (2006). Does time spent in child care influence risk for unintentional injury? Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 31(2), 184–193. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsj007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sneed, C. D., Tan, H. P., & Meyer, J. C. (2015). The influence of parental communication and perception of peers on adolescent sexual behavior. Journal of Health Communication, 20(8), 888–892. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2015.1018584
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speltz, M. L., Gonzales, N., Sulzbacher, S., & Quan, L. (1990). Assessment of injury risk in young children: A preliminary study of the injury behavior checklist. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 15(3), 373–383. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/15.3.373
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, M., Ran, M., Hu, X., Niu, Y., Li, K., Wang, X., Sun, Y., & Yang, X. (2021). Reliability and validity of injury attitude questionnaire for Chinese parents. Modern Preventive Medicine, 48(10), 1809–1816. https://doi.org/10.03/8507(2021)-1809-05
   Google Scholar
• Super, C. M., & Harkness, S. (2010). Culture and infancy. In J. G. Bremner & T. D. Wachs (Eds.), The Wiley-Blackwell handbook of infant development (pp. 623–649). Wiley-Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Tang, D., & Wen, Z. (2020). Statistical approaches for testing common method bias: Problems and suggestions. Journal of Psychological Science, 43(1), 215–223. https://doi.org/10.16719/j.cnki.1671-6981.20200130
   Google Scholar
• Tian, L., Liu, M., Li, L., Fang, Z., Xiao, H., Wu, Y., & Xia, Y. (2016). Knowledge for unintentional injury and risky behavior among the school-age children in Changsha city of China. Journal of Central South University Medical Science, 41(7), 741–749. https://doi.org/10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2016.07.014
   Google Scholar
• Tobin, J., Hsueh, Y., & Karasawa, M. (2009). Preschool in three cultures revisited: China, Japan, and the United States. University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Truong, M. V., Nakabayashi, M., & Hosaka, T. (2022). How to encourage parents to let children play in nature: Factors affecting parental perception of children’s nature play. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2022.127497
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valentine, G. (1997). ”Oh yes I can.”“Oh no you can’t”: Children and parents’ understandings of kids’ competence to negotiate public space safely. Antipode, 29(1), 65–89. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8330.00035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, W. (2016). The influence of others’ presence and verbal guidance on young Children’s propensity for risk-taking [ Master thesis, Southwest University].
   Google Scholar
• Wu, M. (2010). Structural equation modeling: AMOS operation and application. Chongqing University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, J., Lee, S., Zhou, Y., Cui, Y., Han, Y., Song, H., & Zhang, H. (2019). Parent supervision attributes profile questionnaire (PSAPQ) for young children: Psychometric properties of the Chinese version. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 1073. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7362-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, X. (2018). A study on the relationship between the attitude of parents of infants to risky play and parenting styles — taking an example of Wuhan [ Master thesis, Central China Normal University].
   Google Scholar
• You, M., Lim, J., Shim, J., & Ju, Y. (2019). Outrage effects on food risk perception as moderated by risk attitude. Journal of Risk Research, 22(12), 1522–1531. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2018.1501591
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yue, Y., & Ren, Y. (2021). The influence of family support on the learning quality of 5-6 years old children. Journal of Studies in Early Childhood Education, 7, 5–16. https://doi.org/10.13861/j.cnki.sece.2021.07.002
   Google Scholar
• Zheng, R., & Zhang, L. (2009). The affecting factors of children’s risk taking behavior. Advances in Psychology Science, 17(4), 745–752.
   Google Scholar