From self-regulation to co-regulation: refining learning presence in a community of inquiry in interprofessional education

Figures & data

Figure 1. Sequence of activities for the IPE simulation (adapted from Ganotice et al., 2021).

Table 1. Descriptive statistics of the key constructs.

Variable	Obs.	Mean	SD
Online self-regulation	110	4.307	1.185
Environmental structuring	110	4.705	1.175
Goal-setting	110	4.367	1.208
Task strategies	110	4.080	1.355
Time management	110	4.306	1.387
Help-seeking	110	4.064	1.323
Self-evaluation	110	4.307	1.307
Co-regulation	110	4.864	1.175
Monitoring strategies	110	5.085	1.258
Managing strategies	110	4.675	1.190
Community of inquiry	110	4.483	1.316
Teaching presence	110	4.564	1.387
Social presence	110	4.385	1.342
Cognitive presence	110	4.496	1.407
Perceived progress	110	4.552	1.397
Satisfaction	110	4.309	1.548

Note. Obs.=observations (n); SD=standard deviation.

Table 2. Pearson correlations among key constructs.

Variables	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)
(1) Online self-regulation	1.000
(2) Co-regulation	0.694***	1.000
(3) Teaching presence	0.713***	0.634***	1.000
(4) Social presence	0.796***	0.646***	0.864***	1.000
(5) Cognitive presence	0.832***	0.707***	0.852***	0.903***	1.000
(6) Perceived progress	0.764***	0.687***	0.746***	0.807***	0.837***	1.000
(7) Satisfaction	0.750***	0.597***	0.771***	0.822***	0.842***	0.887***	1.000

Note: *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001.

Figure 2. Path-analysis results.

Note. CP: cognitive presence; TP: teaching presence; SP: social presence; CR: co-regulation; SR: self-regulation; PP: perceived progress; SAT: satisfaction

Table 3. Path-analysis results for the three original community of inquiry presences, self-regulation, o-regulation, and learning outcomes, with parameters.

Path	Path coefficient	SE	z	p value
CR
TP	.30	.140	2.14	.033
SP	.39	.139	2.78	.005
SR
SP	.60	.063	9.39	.000
CR	.31	.069	4.47	.000
CP
TP	.23	.069	3.29	.001
SP	.44	.078	5.71	.000
CR	.11	.050	2.16	.031
SR	.24	.061	3.92	.000
PP
CR	.19	.057	3.30	.001
SP	.27	.114	2.33	.020
CP	.46	.117	3.94	.000
SAT
CP	.54	.112	4.82	.000
SP	.33	.114	2.91	.004

Note. CP: cognitive presence; TP: teaching presence; SP: social presence; CR: co-regulation; SR: self-regulation; PP: perceived progress; SAT: satisfaction; SE: standard error.

*p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001.