Word Reading Skills and Externalizing and Internalizing Problems from Grade 1 to Grade 2—Developmental Trajectories and Bullying Involvement in Grade 3

Figures & data

Figure 1. The sampling procedure.

Figure 2. The tested factor mixture model.

Table 1. Intercorrelations (Pearson) and Descriptive Statistics of the Study Variables.

Variable	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	M	SD
1. Reading 1 T1	—													7.3	6.5
2. Reading 1 T2	.68***	—												17.0	8.5
3. Reading 1 T3	.56***	.72***	—											23.6	7.3
4. Reading 2 T1	.85***	.64***	.54***	—										9.2	13.3
5. Reading 2 T2	.72***	.77***	.66***	.77***	—-									25.9	11.6
6. Reading 2 T3	.55***	.65***	.67***	.58***	.80***	—								38.8	9.4
7. Ext. T1	−.23***	−.22***	−.16**	−.24***	−.28***	−.21***	—							4.6	4.5
8. Ext. T2	−.19***	−.16**	−.11*	−.21***	−.25***	−.19***	.82***	—						4.9	4.6
9. Ext. T3	−.19***	−.14**	−.10*	−.19***	−.25***	−.18***	.76***	.84***	—					4.9	4.7
10. Int. T1	−.07	−.08	−.05	−.08	−.10*	−.03	.23***	.17**	.17***	—				3.2	3.1
11. Int. T2	−.09	−.09	−.06	−.07	−.09	−.04	.20***	.23**	.19***	.71***	—			3.4	3.1
12. Int. T3	−.06	−.09*	−.06	−.04	−.12*	−.05	.14**	.12*	.23***	.59***	.68***	—		3.3	3.2
13. Vict. T4	−.00	.00	−.01	−.04	−.02	.02	.14**	.16**	.17***	.16**	.13**	.20***	—	1.7	1.1
14. Bullying T4	−.05	−.05	−.04	−.08	−.12**	−.10*	.37***	.39***	.37***	.16**	.16**	.11*	.34***	1.4	0.8

Note. T1 = fall of Grade 1; T2 = spring of Grade 1; T3 = spring of Grade 2; T4 = spring of Grade 3; Ext. = Externalizing problems; Int. = Internalizing problems; Vict. = Victimization.

*p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.

Table 2. Information Criteria Values for Different Class Solutions.

No. of Classes	AIC	BIC	adj. BIC	Group Sizes	Entropy	pVLMR	pLMR
1	8543.75	8660.62	8571.75	480		—
2	8374.79	8533.39	8412.78	392/88	.90	0.00	0.00
3	8260.76	8461.10	8308.76	314/86/80	.88	0.00	0.00
4	8200.68	8442.76	8258.67	276/59/96/49	.89	0.00	0.00
5	8143.27	8427.09	8211.26	73/255/87/16/49	.91	0.00	0.00
6	8094.46	8420.01	8172.45	248/86/71/48/10/17	.91	0.00	0.00

Note. Bold values represent selected final model. Dashed p is the p-value of VLMR and LMR test. AIC = Akaike’s information criterion; BIC = Bayesian information criterion; LMR = Lo-Mendell-Rubin likelihood ratio test; VLMR= Vuong–Lo–Mendell–Rubin likelihood ratio test.

Figure 3. Five latent subgroups based on reading skills, externalizing problems, and internalizing problems at T1, T2, and T3.

Table 3. Bullying Involvement Among Latent Subgroups.

Group	Victim n (%) Adj. Residual	Bully n (%) Adj. Residual	Bully/Victim n (%) Adj. Residual	Uninvolved n (%) Adj. Residual	N (%)
1. Reading below average, externalizing/internalizing problems	8 (11.0)	8 (11.0)	7 (9.6)	50 (68.5)	73 (100)
	−.3	3.2**	2.9**	−2.7**
2. Reading below average, no externalizing/internalizing problems	33 (12.9)	9 (3.5)	5 (2.0)	208 (54.0)	255 (100)
	.8	−.7	−2.2*	.8
3. No problems	10 (11.5)	2 (2.3)	2 (2.3)	73 (83.9)	87 (100)
	−.1	−1.0	−.8	1.0
4. Externalizing/internalizing problems	4 (25.0)	1 (6.3)	2 (12.5)	9 (56.3)	16 (100)
	1.7	.4	1.9	−2.4*
5. Skilled reading, no externalizing/internalizing problems	2 (4.1)	0 (0)	2 (4.1)	45 (91.8)	49 (100)
	−1.8	−1.5	.1	2.2*
N	57	20	18	385	480

*p < .05. **p < .01.