Sugar and Protein Profiles of Omani Honey from Muscat and Batinah Regions of Oman

Figures & data

Figure 1 Standard calibration curve shows absorbencies of different concentrations of egg albumin protein at 540 nm.

Figure 2 HPLC chromatogram of four sugars in a honey sample. FRU (Fructose), GLU (Glucose), SUC (Sucrose), and MAL (Maltose).

Table 1 Biochemical data of honey samples of their sugar composition, fructose/glucose (F/G) ratio, crystallization, and protein amount

Sample no.	Bee sp.	Season	Honey type	Fructose (%)		Glucose (%)		Sucrose (%)		Maltose (%)		F/G ratio	Crystallization	Protein (%)
				Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD			Mean	SD
H4	A. mellifera	Summer	Unifloral	28.67	4.00	25.66	3.90	0.11	0.08	2.74	0.39	1.12	C	2.47	0.09
H7	A. mellifera	Summer	Unifloral	21.30	0.04	19.38	0.01	0.20	0.02	4.21	0.07	1.10	C	0.75	0.21
H8	A. mellifera	Summer	Unifloral	20.95	0.78	19.23	0.85	0.29	0.04	4.72	0.48	1.09	—	1.13	0.06
H27	A. mellifera	Summer	Unifloral	34.63	3.57	32.24	3.26	0.17	0.06	2.30	1.31	1.07	C	1.07	0.07
H28	A. mellifera	Summer	Unifloral	37.35	2.21	35.87	2.69	2.26	0.22	1.51	0.17	1.04	—	0.94	0.28
H30	A. mellifera	Summer	Unifloral	31.62	0.44	30.87	1.65	12.29	2.42	1.69	0.11	1.02	—	1.27	0.32
H31	A. mellifera	Summer	Unifloral	37.77	1.81	29.47	1.93	0.02	0.03	4.07	0.77	1.28	—	4.91	0.17
H33	A. mellifera	Summer	Unifloral	32.38	3.19	29.44	3.30	N.D.	0.00	3.29	0.17	1.10	—	3.21	0.33
H34	A. mellifera	Summer	Unifloral	36.66	3.19	35.05	3.15	0.84	0.15	3.38	0.63	1.05	C	3.80	0.20
H35	A. mellifera	Summer	Unifloral	37.30	3.01	36.01	1.99	2.57	0.33	2.62	0.45	1.04	C	3.28	0.26
H38	A. mellifera	Summer	Unifloral	40.75	2.89	38.42	2.54	0.78	0.08	3.24	0.19	1.06	—	—	—
H40	A. mellifera	Summer	Unifloral	37.36	2.80	36.98	4.95	3.32	0.13	3.52	0.18	1.01	—	—	—
H41	A. mellifera	Summer	Unifloral	38.79	6.00	38.48	6.59	1.77	0.24	2.38	0.37	1.01	—	—	—
H42	A. mellifera	Summer	Unifloral	38.88	2.82	38.50	2.72	0.74	0.05	3.16	0.26	1.01	—	—	—
H43	A. mellifera	Summer	Unifloral	34.86	1.68	34.51	2.14	3.95	0.85	2.62	0.44	1.01	—	—	—
H44	A. mellifera	Summer	Unifloral	29.67	3.17	24.24	2.50	0.14	0.07	2.98	0.39	1.22	—	—	—
H45	A. mellifera	Summer	Unifloral	36.32	2.47	33.53	4.67	0.18	0.22	4.17	0.16	1.08	—	—	—
H47	A. mellifera	Summer	Unifloral	34.77	5.52	34.28	8.75	7.50	1.10	3.93	0.74	1.01	—	—	—
H3	A. mellifera	Summer	Multifloral	34.44	4.57	27.80	2.66	0.07	0.05	7.19	1.10	1.24	—	1.44	0.03
H5	A. mellifera	Summer	Multifloral	32.76	2.61	31.38	2.40	0.50	0.11	4.61	0.05	1.04	C	1.24	0.03
H6	A. mellifera	Summer	Multifloral	33.46	3.17	29.49	2.85	0.13	0.13	4.20	0.61	1.13	—	1.11	0.03
H20	A. mellifera	Summer	Multifloral	38.37	8.56	31.63	6.70	N.D.	0.00	4.42	1.04	1.21	—	1.13	0.11
H21	A. mellifera	Summer	Multifloral	32.76	1.56	26.22	1.42	N.D.	0.00	4.93	0.64	1.25	—	1.28	0.12
H22	A. mellifera	Summer	Multifloral	32.83	2.13	30.88	1.96	N.D.	0.00	4.86	0.21	1.06	—	3.06	0.18
H23	A. mellifera	Summer	Multifloral	34.60	0.94	33.45	1.41	N.D.	0.00	2.97	0.10	1.03	C	0.89	0.15
H29	A. mellifera	Summer	Multifloral	34.80	1.20	30.54	0.98	3.96	0.47	3.95	0.37	1.14	—	0.98	0.30
H32	A. mellifera	Summer	Multifloral	32.78	1.21	32.52	1.70	0.05	0.09	2.46	0.14	1.01	C	2.22	0.13
H36	A. mellifera	Summer	Multifloral	32.88	3.44	26.93	0.65	5.98	0.69	3.48	0.55	1.22	—	2.65	0.23
H37	A. mellifera	Summer	Multifloral	37.32	2.88	36.06	2.03	5.39	0.42	3.49	0.16	1.03	—	3.77	0.29
H39	A. mellifera	Summer	Multifloral	37.86	1.81	37.66	2.74	0.39	0.12	2.87	0.92	1.01	—	—	—
H46	A. mellifera	Summer	Multifloral	34.04	2.92	32.80	2.94	4.48	0.22	3.62	0.17	1.04	—	—	—
H24	A. mellifera	Winter	Unifloral	35.38	0.46	30.13	1.52	0.02	0.02	3.09	0.53	1.17	C	1.21	0.08
H1	A. mellifera	Winter	Unifloral	30.13	1.56	24.02	2.02	0.03	0.03	6.62	0.49	1.25	—	1.71	0.09
H13	A. mellifera	Winter	Unifloral	30.33	1.77	23.30	1.20	0.45	0.03	3.68	0.36	1.30	—	1.47	0.08
H15	A. mellifera	Winter	Unifloral	19.40	1.18	17.14	0.49	1.31	0.10	5.78	0.57	1.13	—	1.26	0.08
H16	A. mellifera	Winter	Unifloral	32.95	1.88	28.49	1.32	0.02	0.01	4.13	0.10	1.16	—	2.63	0.19
H26	A. mellifera	Winter	Unifloral	26.33	2.06	24.80	2.51	5.15	0.40	3.85	2.14	1.06	—	1.25	0.07
H12	A. mellifera	Winter	Multifloral	20.90	0.22	18.54	0.20	0.16	0.02	4.77	0.14	1.13	—	1.30	0.16
H18	A. mellifera	Winter	Multifloral	32.03	1.21	26.24	0.15	0.09	0.02	4.10	0.50	1.22	—	1.56	0.07
H2	A. florea	Summer	Multifloral	40.47	0.28	44.77	0.36	0.02	0.04	3.66	0.33	0.90	C	0.79	0.09
H9	A. florea	Winter	Unifloral	31.89	2.53	24.31	1.21	0.01	0.02	4.21	0.28	1.31	—	2.69	0.32
H10	A. florea	Winter	Unifloral	24.04	1.01	23.80	1.42	N.D.	0.00	1.83	0.16	1.01	—	1.97	0.12
H11	A. florea	Winter	Unifloral	36.35	4.29	22.86	2.60	0.21	0.01	4.40	0.84	1.59	—	2.58	0.07
H14	A. florea	Winter	Unifloral	26.34	2.10	23.08	1.84	N.D.	0.00	5.44	2.34	1.14	—	1.13	0.12
H17	A. florea	Winter	Unifloral	32.89	0.57	27.38	0.50	0.01	0.02	6.09	0.08	1.20	—	5.18	0.25
H19	A. florea	Winter	Unifloral	35.09	3.03	31.74	4.73	N.D.	0.00	2.94	0.45	1.11	C	3.44	0.11
H25	A. florea	Winter	Unifloral	31.11	1.42	25.84	0.72	0.07	0.07	3.05	0.35	1.20	—	1.84	0.35
H48	A. florea	Summer	Unifloral	33.70	0.76	27.21	0.33	N.D.	0.00	1.64	0.02	1.24	—	—	—
H49	A. florea	Winter	Multifloral	32.71	4.23	30.52	0.70	0.07	0.12	4.66	0.67	1.07	—	—	—
H50	A. florea	Winter	Multifloral	33.59	2.90	32.71	3.55	N.D.	0.00	2.33	0.20	1.03	—	—	—
H51	A. florea	Winter	Multifloral	35.54	2.32	34.63	0.79	N.D.	0.00	3.81	0.26	1.03	—	—	—
∗N.D. = not detected; C = crystallized honeys; SD = Standard Deviation.

Figure 3 Sugar content summer and winter; unifloral and multifloral samples and by bee species.

Figure 4 Protein content in honey samples.

Figure 5 Relationship between the protein content and honey colour.