Antioxidant Activities and Phenolic Content of Piper wallichii (Miq.) Hand.-Mazz.

Figures & data

Figure 2 Piper wallichii (Miq.) Hand.-Mazz. with fruits. (Color figure available online.)

Figure 1 Piper wallichii (Miq.) Hand.-Mazz. plant with female spikes. (Color figure available online.)

Table 1  Phenolic and flavonoid content of different extract of Piper wallichii (Miq.) Hand.-Mazz

Plant extracts	Total phenolic content (mgGAE/g) d.w.	Total flavonoid content (mgRE/g) d.w.
Petroleum ether	30.47 ± 1.05^a	07.91 ± 0.23^d
Ethyl acetate	45.38 ± 0.95^a	10.97 ± 0.76^c
Chloroform	65.15 ± 1.23^b	19.04 ± 0.54^c
Methanol	75.37 ± 1.75^d	22.55 ± 0.87^a
Ethanol	56.12 ± 0.86^b	15.51 ± 0.54^a
Each value in the table is represented as mean ±SD (n = 3).
Means not sharing the same letter are significantly different (LSD) at P < 0.01 probability level in each column.

Figure 3 Scavenging effect of ethanol (ET), methanol (ME), chloroform (CH), ethyl acetate (EA), petroleum ether (PE) extracts on (a) DPPH free radical, (b) FRAP assay, (c) ABTS free radicals. Ascorbic acid (AA) was used as positive control. Each value expressed as a mean ± SD (n = 3).

Table 2  Antioxidant effect (EC₅₀) on DPPH radicals, FRAP assay, ABTS radicals, hydrogen peroxide radicals, hydroxyl radicals assay of different extracts of Piper wallichii (Miq.) Hand.-Mazz. fruit

	EC50 μg/ml
Plant extract	Scavenging ability on DPPH radicals	Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay	Scavenging ability on ABTS radicals	Scavenging ability on hydrogen peroxide	Scavenging ability on hydroxyl radicals	Reducing power
Petroleum ether	>250^d	>250^d	>250^d	>250^d	>250^d	>>250^c
Ethyl acetate	113.05 ± 2.1^d	86.43 ± 1.82^d	90.0 ± 1.94^c	90.34 ± 2.46^b	80.12 ± 1.46^c	120.3 ± 2.3^c
Chloroform	50.21 ± 1.75^c	61.03 ± 0.93^b	65.8 ± 1.58^b	40.83 ± 1.85^a	47.38 ± 2.30^b	56.12 ± 1.1^b
Methanol	46.70 ± 0.85^b	41.7 ± 0.74^b	45.23 ± 2.02^b	49.30 ± 1.15^a	40.39 ± 1.92^c	50.21 ± 1.2^a
Ethanol	91.70 ± 0.96^b	83.32 ± 1.09^a	76.70 ± 2.76^c	73.84 ± 2.49^b	49.30 ± 1.58^a	70.12 ± 2.1^a
Ascorbic acid	25.32 ± 1.05^a	27.33 ± 0.94^a	28.30 ± 0.81^a	24.75 ± 1.57^a	30.28 ± 2.15^a	35.23 ± 2.2^b
Each value in the table is represented as mean ±SD (n = 3).
Means not sharing the same letter are significantly different (LSD) at P < 0.01 probability level in each column.

Table 3  Correlation between the EC₅₀ values of antioxidant activities and phenolic and flavonoids content of Piper wallichii (Miq.) Hand.-Mazz

	R ^2
	Phenolic	Flavonoid
EC50 of DPPH radical scavenging ability	0.8174 ^a	0.7003 ^b
EC50 of FRAP scavenging ability	0.7076 ^a	0.5598
EC50 of ABTS radical scavenging ability	0.6914	0.5436
EC50 of hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging ability	0.6886	0.5503
EC50 of hydroxyl radical scavenging ability	0.6407	0.4946
EC50 of reducing power	0.6997 ^a	0.5629
^aIndicates significance at P < 0.05.
^bIndicates significance at P < 0.01.