Gluten Index for Wheat Products: Main Variables in Affecting the Value and Nonlinear Regression Model

Figures & data

TABLE 1  Data compiled from the eight studies used in the statistical analysis

Country	Year	Nr*	Nr used**	Reference
Estonia	2004–2007	15	12	[9]
Poland	2003	72	28	[10]
Poland	2002–2004	4	4	[11]
Poland	1995	16	16	[12]
Poland	1993–1995	30	21	[13]
Spain	2000–2002	19	12	[14]
Spain	2000–2002	61	20	[15]

*Number of reported experimental values.

**Number of data used in regression analysis.

FIGURE 1 The minimum, maximum, and average values of GI for the most reported genotypes.

FIGURE 2 Statistical effects of three main variables versus control on GI value. *The same letter denotes a not statistically significant difference (p < 0.05). Dam. Wheat: Bug or insect damaged wheat; Fun/de appl.: fungicide application; Enzyme add.: Eenzyme addition.

TABLE 2  The statistical effects of the main variables on the value of GI as reported by authors

Genotype	Year	Environment	N-Fertilization	Protein level	Irrigation	HMW-GS	GLI. S.	Reference
**	**							[18]
				*				[5]
				ns				[19]
**		ns						[20]
**								[21]
*								[22]
				*		**	ns	[23]
	*							[24]
				*				[7]
**	**	**			**			[25]
**								[26]
			*					[27]
	***	***	ns					[15]
**								[28]
*								[29]
	***	***	ns					[14]
*								[30]
						***		[31]
	*		*	*				[32]
*						**	ns	[33]
				ns				[34]
*								[35]
				*				[36]
*	ns							[37]
***	*		**					[38]
**								[11]
				*				[39]
***								[6]
**								[40]
*								[41]
	ns					**		[42]
*								[43]
	**							[44]
***	***							[45]
Ns								[46]
					*	**	ns	[47]

ns: not significant; HMW-GS: high molecular weight-glutenin subunits; Gli.S: gliadins subunits.

^*,**,***Statistically significant at level α = 0.05, α = 0.01, and α = 0.001, respectively.

TABLE 3  Variables used for PCA

Variable	Abbreviation	Unit
Year	Y	—
N-fertilization	NF	Kg N/ha
S-fertilization	SF	Kg S/ha
Irrigation	I	mm
Addition of enzymes	AE	%
Bug or insect damage on wheat crop	BD	%
Fermentation of flour	FF	%
Storage time of flour	TF	Days
Protein content of flour	PC	%
Glu-A1 (0)	A1-0	—
Glu-A1 (1)	A1-1	—
Glu-A1 (2*)	A1-2	—
Glu-B1 (20)	B1-20	—
Glu-B1 (14+15)	B1-14	—
Glu-B1 (6+8)	B1-6	—
Glu-B1 (7+8)	B1-7	—
Glu-B1 (7+9)	B1-7a	—
Glu-D1 (2+12)	D1-2	—
Glu-B3 (2)	B3-2	—
Glu-D3 (12)	D3-12	—
γ-gli (42)	G-42	—
γ-gli (45)	G-45	—
β-gli (52, 56)	B-52	—

TABLE 4  Pattern matrix of PCA

	Component
	1	2
NF	.828
PC	.785
A1-2	.761
G-45	.754
Y	.720
B1-6	.712
SF	.708
A1-0	.695
B1-7a	.684
A1-1	.628
I	.612
B1-7	.592
B1-14	.586
B-52	.547
AE	.525
FF	.485
B3-2	.423
BD		.726
G-42		.718
B1-20		.618
D3-12		.597
D1-2		.547
TF		.406

FIGURE 3 Principal components loading plot for GI.

TABLE 5  Parameter estimates

Parameter	Estimate	Stand. error	Summary statistics
θ1	87.84	0.347	N = 113
θ2	0.44	0.156	Standard error of estimate = 5.95
θ3	0.45	0.194	Mean absolute error = 9%

FIGURE 4 Plot of GIexp versus GIcal.

FIGURE 5 Response surface with contour plot showing the effect of NF and PC on the response of GI.

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