A Chemometric Approach to Assess the Frying Stability of Cottonseed Oil Blends During Deep-Frying Process: Fatty Acid Composition and Tocopherol Analyses

Figures & data

TABLE 1 Q-FFD factorial design and concentration levels of the additives for the CSO blends

Quarter-fractional factorial design, Q-FFD
	Antioxidant-1	Antioxidant-2	Anti-foaming	Anti-spattering	Emulsifier
	Ascorbic palmitate (A)	Mix Tocopherol (B)	DMPS (C)	Lecithin (D)	Sesame oil (E)
1st CSO blend	–	–	–	+	+
2nd CSO blend	+	–	–	–	+
3rd CSO blend	–	+	–	–	–
4th CSO blend	+	+	–	+	–
5th CSO blend	–	–	+	+	–
6th CSO blend	+	–	+	–	–
7th CSO blend	–	+	+	–	+
8th CSO blend	+	+	+	+	+
The levels of the additives^(a)
Low quantity (–)	5 mg kg^–1	5 mg kg^–1	1 mg kg^–1	1 mg kg^–1	1 mg kg^–1
High quantity (+)	200 mg kg^–1	200 mg kg^–1	10 mg kg^–1	30 mg kg^–1	10 mg kg^–1

^(a) + and – icons symbolize low and high quantities of the additives used for preparing the frying CSO blends, respectively;

CSO: Cottonseed oil.

TABLE 2 Fatty acid composition analyses results for frying CSO blend oils during frying process (%w/w)

	Fatty acid composition analysis results, mean ± SD (% w/w)
	Time (h)	C14:0	C16:0	C18:0	C18:1	C18:2 trans	C18:2	C20:0	C18:3	∑PUFA/∑SFA	Cox value
Deodorized CSO	0th	0.61 ± 0.01	20.58 ± 0.03	2.56 ± 0.01	19.92 ± 0.02	0.26 ± 0.01	53.70 ± 0.03	0.26 ± 0.01	0.31 ± 0.02	3.09 ± 0.01	5.80
	2nd	0.72 ± 0.01	21.53 ± 0.01	2.55 ± 0.01	19.93 ± 0.02	0.43 ± 0.01	52.63 ± 0.03	0.25 ± 0.02	0.27 ± 0.01	2.92 ± 0.02	5.68
	4th	0.72 ± 0.01	21.74 ± 0.02	2.60 ± 0.01	20.06 ± 0.01	0.45 ± 0.01	52.05 ± 0.02	0.26 ± 0.02	0.26 ± 0.01	2.88 ± 0.02	5.62
	6th	0.74 ± 0.02	22.11 ± 0.03	2.64 ± 0.02	20.40 ± 0.03	0.46 ± 0.01	51.21 ± 0.04	0.26 ± 0.01	0.24 ± 0.01	2.81 ± 0.01	5.53
	8th	0.75 ± 0.01	22.20 ± 0.03	2.67 ± 0.02	21.88 ± 0.03	0.48 ± 0.02	51.14 ± 0.02	0.28 ± 0.01	0.18 ± 0.01	2.84 ± 0.01	5.53
	10th	0.77 ± 0.02	22.85 ± 0.04	2.68 ± 0.01	21.96 ± 0.02	0.48 ± 0.01	50.37 ± 0.02	0.27 ± 0.02	0.20 ± 0.01	2.75 ± 0.01	5.45
1st CSO Blend	0th	0.61 ± 0.01	20.58 ± 0.01	2.56 ± 0.01	19.92 ± 0.03	0.26 ± 0.01	53.70 ± 0.02	0.26 ± 0.01	0.31 ± 0.01	3.09 ± 0.02	5.80
	2nd	0.62 ± 0.01	21.07 ± 0.02	2.61 ± 0.03	20.01 ± 0.01	0.43 ± 0.02	52.91 ± 0.03	0.26 ± 0.01	0.23 ± 0.01	3.00 ± 0.01	5.70
	4th	0.65 ± 0.01	21.86 ± 0.02	2.67 ± 0.02	20.82 ± 0.02	0.44 ± 0.01	52.56 ± 0.03	0.26 ± 0.01	0.22 ± 0.02	2.91 ± 0.02	5.67
	6th	0.67 ± 0.01	22.04 ± 0.01	2.71 ± 0.01	21.31 ± 0.04	0.46 ± 0.01	51.47 ± 0.03	0.29 ± 0.02	0.20 ± 0.01	2.86 ± 0.01	5.56
	8th	0.67 ± 0.02	22.36 ± 0.01	2.74 ± 0.02	21.91 ± 0.02	0.46 ± 0.02	50.74 ± 0.04	0.28 ± 0.01	0.17 ± 0.01	2.81 ± 0.01	5.48
	10th	0.68 ± 0.01	22.65 ± 0.03	2.85 ± 0.01	21.98 ± 0.03	0.48 ± 0.01	50.62 ± 0.02	0.27 ± 0.02	0.17 ± 0.01	2.77 ± 0.01	5.47
2nd CSO Blend	0th	0.61 ± 0.01	20.58 ± 0.01	2.56 ± 0.01	19.92 ± 0.02	0.26 ± 0.01	53.70 ± 0.02	0.26 ± 0.01	0.31 ± 0.01	3.09 ± 0.02	5.80
	2nd	0.64 ± 0.01	20.82 ± 0.01	2.57 ± 0.01	20.62 ± 0.02	0.45 ± 0.01	53.32 ± 0.02	0.26 ± 0.02	0.25 ± 0.01	3.07 ± 0.02	5.75
	4th	0.65 ± 0.02	21.87 ± 0.04	2.57 ± 0.01	20.63 ± 0.02	0.46 ± 0.02	52.81 ± 0.03	0.27 ± 0.02	0.22 ± 0.01	2.92 ± 0.01	5.69
	6th	0.67 ± 0.01	22.01 ± 0.03	2.60 ± 0.01	21.05 ± 0.03	0.46 ± 0.01	52.27 ± 0.03	0.27 ± 0.01	0.21 ± 0.01	2.90 ± 0.01	5.64
	8th	0.66 ± 0.01	22.41 ± 0.02	2.65 ± 0.01	21.42 ± 0.03	0.47 ± 0.01	51.28 ± 0.04	0.27 ± 0.02	0.19 ± 0.02	2.82 ± 0.01	5.54
	10th	0.68 ± 0.01	22.73 ± 0.01	2.67 ± 0.02	21.77 ± 0.04	0.48 ± 0.02	50.77 ± 0.04	0.28 ± 0.02	0.18 ± 0.01	2.78 ± 0.01	5.49
3rd CSO Blend	0th	0.61 ± 0.01	20.58 ± 0.02	2.56 ± 0.01	19.92 ± 0.02	0.26 ± 0.01	53.70 ± 0.02	0.26 ± 0.01	0.31 ± 0.01	3.09 ± 0.01	5.80
	2nd	0.62 ± 0.01	21.19 ± 0.02	2.58 ± 0.01	20.98 ± 0.02	0.46 ± 0.02	52.86 ± 0.03	0.26 ± 0.02	0.26 ± 0.02	3.02 ± 0.01	5.71
	4th	0.65 ± 0.01	21.54 ± 0.01	2.59 ± 0.01	21.15 ± 0.03	0.47 ± 0.01	52.56 ± 0.03	0.26 ± 0.02	0.20 ± 0.01	2.97 ± 0.02	5.67
	6th	0.65 ± 0.01	21.95 ± 0.03	2.60 ± 0.01	21.39 ± 0.03	0.47 ± 0.01	51.90 ± 0.04	0.26 ± 0.01	0.19 ± 0.01	2.90 ± 0.02	5.60
	8th	0.66 ± 0.02	22.98 ± 0.03	2.66 ± 0.02	21.86 ± 0.01	0.47 ± 0.02	51.34 ± 0.02	0.27 ± 0.01	0.15 ± 0.01	2.78 ± 0.01	5.54
	10th	0.67 ± 0.01	23.01 ± 0.04	2.71 ± 0.02	22.24 ± 0.03	0.48 ± 0.02	49.96 ± 0.03	0.27 ± 0.02	0.15 ± 0.01	2.73 ± 0.01	5.40
4th CSO Blend	0th	0.61 ± 0.01	20.58 ± 0.02	2.56 ± 0.01	19.92 ± 0.01	0.26 ± 0.01	53.70 ± 0.02	0.26 ± 0.01	0.31 ± 0.01	3.09 ± 0.01	5.80
	2nd	0.64 ± 0.01	21.45 ± 0.03	2.57 ± 0.01	20.62 ± 0.02	0.48 ± 0.01	53.30 ± 0.03	0.26 ± 0.01	0.21 ± 0.02	2.99 ± 0.01	5.74
	4th	0.64 ± 0.01	21.62 ± 0.03	2.59 ± 0.01	21.13 ± 0.02	0.50 ± 0.02	52.51 ± 0.03	0.27 ± 0.01	0.19 ± 0.01	2.96 ± 0.02	5.66
	6th	0.65 ± 0.01	22.14 ± 0.04	2.65 ± 0.01	21.36 ± 0.03	0.55 ± 0.02	51.83 ± 0.04	0.28 ± 0.01	0.20 ± 0.01	2.87 ± 0.02	5.60
	8th	0.66 ± 0.01	22.76 ± 0.04	2.68 ± 0.02	21.57 ± 0.03	0.55 ± 0.01	51.26 ± 0.03	0.28 ± 0.01	0.17 ± 0.01	2.79 ± 0.01	5.53
	10th	0.67 ± 0.02	23.01 ± 0.03	2.70 ± 0.02	22.14 ± 0.02	0.57 ± 0.02	50.02 ± 0.03	0.28 ± 0.01	0.16 ± 0.01	2.73 ± 0.01	5.41
5th CSO Blend	0th	0.61 ± 0.01	20.58 ± 0.03	2.56 ± 0.01	19.92 ± 0.03	0.26 ± 0.01	53.70 ± 0.03	0.26 ± 0.01	0.31 ± 0.01	3.09 ± 0.02	5.80
	2nd	0.61 ± 0.01	20.94 ± 0.02	2.61 ± 0.02	20.34 ± 0.01	0.46 ± 0.01	52.43 ± 0.02	0.26 ± 0.01	0.19 ± 0.02	3.01 ± 0.02	5.64
	4th	0.65 ± 0.02	21.83 ± 0.01	2.64 ± 0.01	20.97 ± 0.03	0.47 ± 0.01	52.39 ± 0.01	0.27 ± 0.01	0.17 ± 0.02	2.91 ± 0.01	5.64
	6th	0.65 ± 0.01	22.09 ± 0.02	2.63 ± 0.01	21.22 ± 0.02	0.47 ± 0.01	51.90 ± 0.02	0.26 ± 0.01	0.16 ± 0.01	2.88 ± 0.01	5.59
	8th	0.67 ± 0.01	22.62 ± 0.02	2.70 ± 0.01	21.70 ± 0.04	0.52 ± 0.02	51.03 ± 0.03	0.27 ± 0.02	0.16 ± 0.01	2.80 ± 0.02	5.51
	10th	0.68 ± 0.02	23.32 ± 0.01	2.79 ± 0.01	22.32 ± 0.03	0.52 ± 0.02	49.44 ± 0.01	0.27 ± 0.01	0.14 ± 0.01	2.68 ± 0.01	5.35
6th CSO Blend	0th	0.61 ± 0.01	20.58 ± 0.03	2.56 ± 0.02	19.92 ± 0.02	0.26 ± 0.01	53.70 ± 0.02	0.26 ± 0.02	0.31 ± 0.02	3.09 ± 0.01	5.80
	2nd	0.63 ± 0.01	21.28 ± 0.02	2.64 ± 0.01	20.85 ± 0.04	0.44 ± 0.01	53.04 ± 0.04	0.26 ± 0.01	0.22 ± 0.02	3.00 ± 0.01	5.72
	4th	0.63 ± 0.01	21.46 ± 0.02	2.65 ± 0.01	21.16 ± 0.03	0.45 ± 0.02	52.59 ± 0.01	0.26 ± 0.01	0.16 ± 0.01	2.97 ± 0.01	5.66
	6th	0.65 ± 0.01	22.04 ± 0.01	2.68 ± 0.01	21.55 ± 0.01	0.45 ± 0.01	51.77 ± 0.03	0.26 ± 0.01	0.16 ± 0.01	2.88 ± 0.02	5.58
	8th	0.67 ± 0.02	22.56 ± 0.03	2.68 ± 0.02	22.03 ± 0.03	0.46 ± 0.01	50.61 ± 0.01	0.27 ± 0.02	0.16 ± 0.02	2.80 ± 0.02	5.47
	10th	0.68 ± 0.01	22.87 ± 0.03	2.69 ± 0.01	22.21 ± 0.01	0.47 ± 0.01	50.15 ± 0.02	0.27 ± 0.01	0.15 ± 0.01	2.75 ± 0.01	5.42
7th CSO Blend	0th	0.61 ± 0.01	20.58 ± 0.04	2.56 ± 0.01	19.92 ± 0.03	0.26 ± 0.01	53.70 ± 0.03	0.26 ± 0.01	0.31 ± 0.01	3.09 ± 0.01	5.80
	2nd	0.62 ± 0.01	21.17 ± 0.02	2.66 ± 0.01	21.10 ± 0.03	0.40 ± 0.02	52.46 ± 0.02	0.26 ± 0.01	0.23 ± 0.02	3.00 ± 0.02	5.66
	4th	0.64 ± 0.01	21.51 ± 0.01	2.68 ± 0.01	21.23 ± 0.01	0.51 ± 0.01	52.33 ± 0.02	0.26 ± 0.02	0.20 ± 0.01	2.96 ± 0.02	5.65
	6th	0.64 ± 0.02	21.65 ± 0.02	2.68 ± 0.02	21.52 ± 0.02	0.53 ± 0.01	51.54 ± 0.01	0.26 ± 0.02	0.17 ± 0.02	2.92 ± 0.01	5.56
	8th	0.65 ± 0.01	22.59 ± 0.02	2.69 ± 0.02	21.77 ± 0.04	0.54 ± 0.01	50.83 ± 0.03	0.27 ± 0.02	0.17 ± 0.02	2.80 ± 0.01	5.49
	10th	0.66 ± 0.01	22.71 ± 0.03	2.70 ± 0.01	22.04 ± 0.03	0.55 ± 0.02	50.42 ± 0.04	0.27 ± 0.01	0.15 ± 0.01	2.78 ± 0.01	5.45
8th CSO Blend	0th	0.61 ± 0.01	20.58 ± 0.02	2.56 ± 0.01	19.92 ± 0.02	0.26 ± 0.01	53.70 ± 0.03	0.26 ± 0.01	0.31 ± 0.02	3.09 ± 0.02	5.80
	2nd	0.64 ± 0.01	21.04 ± 0.03	2.58 ± 0.02	20.65 ± 0.02	0.40 ± 0.02	52.94 ± 0.02	0.26 ± 0.02	0.30 ± 0.02	3.03 ± 0.01	5.72
	4th	0.64 ± 0.01	21.41 ± 0.03	2.61 ± 0.01	21.17 ± 0.03	0.42 ± 0.01	52.24 ± 0.01	0.26 ± 0.02	0.29 ± 0.01	2.97 ± 0.01	5.66
	6th	0.64 ± 0.02	21.59 ± 0.04	2.67 ± 0.01	21.76 ± 0.04	0.45 ± 0.01	51.47 ± 0.03	0.26 ± 0.01	0.20 ± 0.01	2.94 ± 0.02	5.56
	8th	0.66 ± 0.02	21.97 ± 0.04	2.67 ± 0.01	21.96 ± 0.01	0.46 ± 0.02	50.03 ± 0.03	0.27 ± 0.02	0.18 ± 0.01	2.84 ± 0.02	5.41
	10th	0.67 ± 0.01	22.73 ± 0.01	2.70 ± 0.02	22.30 ± 0.03	0.46 ± 0.01	50.14 ± 0.01	0.27 ± 0.02	0.17 ± 0.02	2.77 ± 0.01	5.42

Means within a column are significantly different (p < 0.05);

Values are reported as means ± SD of three replicate analyses (n = 3);

Significant differences were identified between the additives using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and F-tests for multiple comparisons at 95% confidence level;

SFA: Saturated fatty acids, MUFA: mono unsaturated fatty acids, PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acids;

Cox value: calculated oxidizability value.

FIGURE 1 The rate of ∑PUFA/∑SFA during frying time for fresh deodorized CSO.

TABLE 3 Probability and effect values of the additives for fatty acid composition and tocopherol analyses

		Calculations for the normal distribution curves
		FA composition analysis		Tocopherol analysis
Rank, i	Probability, P	Sign	Effect	Sign	Effect
1	7.17	C	–0.011	E	–122.710
2	21.43	ABC	–0.009	A	–48.228
3	35.71	D	–0.004	D	15.167
4	50.00	B	0.004	C	19.958
5	64.88	E	0.006	B	28.565
6	78.57	A	0.009	ABC	54.095
7	92.86	AC	0.026	AC	508.363

A: Ascorbic palmitate, B: Mix Tocopherol, C: Dimethylpolysiloxane, D: Lecithin, E: Sesame Oil.

FIGURE 2 Normal distribution curve of the CSO blends for (a) fatty acid composition and (b) tocopherol analysis with the effects of different additives; ascorbic palmitate (A), mixed tocopherols (B), dimethylpolysiloxane (DMPS) (C), lecithin (D), cold-pressed sesame oil (E).

FIGURE 3 Tocopherol composition chromatograms obtained from HPLC-FLD system for frying deodorized CSO analyses.

TABLE 4 Tocopherol analyses results for frying CSO blend oils (∑ tocopherol, mg/kg oil)

	The data of total tocopherol content of the frying CSO blends, mean ± SD (mg/kg oil)
Frying time (h)	Deodorized CSO	1st CSO blend	2nd CSO blend	3rd CSO blend	4th CSO blend	5th CSO blend	6th CSO blend	7th CSO blend	8th CSO blend
0th	3323.52 ± 3.81	4126.98 ± 4.03	3405.75 ± 4.12	5489.49 ± 4.32	5513.25 ± 5.26	4759.76 ± 5.46	3227.90 ± 5.32	5148.93 ± 3.28	5621.38 ± 3.86
1st	3070.71 ± 4.17	3870.12 ± 5.11	3394.89 ± 5.09	5476.54 ± 5.30	5466.96 ± 4.31	4735.27 ± 4.78	3112.13 ± 3.82	5137.59 ± 3.82	5443.01 ± 5.06
2nd	3064.79 ± 6.22	3867.38 ± 5.32	3350.01 ± 4.28	5426.94 ± 5.43	5327.71 ± 6.20	4659.37 ± 3.84	3047.34 ± 3.54	5027.40 ± 5.59	5242.39 ± 4.90
3rd	3055.23 ± 3.09	3798.65 ± 3.56	3329.19 ± 2.84	5332.80 ± 4.82	5015.17 ± 4.29	4555.26 ± 5.72	3012.35 ± 5.12	5097.18 ± 4.21	5131.27 ± 4.46
4th	3010.84 ± 4.15	3595.05 ± 3.54	3144.55 ± 4.45	5271.24 ± 4.59	4982.38 ± 5.33	4383.63 ± 4.37	2855.05 ± 7.10	4923.50 ± 4.08	5108.30 ± 6.21
5th	2955.65 ± 4.07	3340.69 ± 3.46	3110.21 ± 5.96	5253.69 ± 3.35	4748.94 ± 4.97	4259.80 ± 4.02	2838.14 ± 4.97	4827.72 ± 7.21	5044.89 ± 3.27
6th	2952.20 ± 5.11	3216.90 ± 4.37	3087.04 ± 6.05	5199.99 ± 6.21	4698.29 ± 5.61	4140.33 ± 5.88	2430.87 ± 5.17	4800.17 ± 6.77	4845.29 ± 3.44
7th	2935.85 ± 3.92	3193.12 ± 5.45	2873.76 ± 5.81	5025.59 ± 4.72	4650.06 ± 4.59	3933.30 ± 4.46	1145.77 ± 3.72	4735.70 ± 5.23	4831.41 ± 4.69
8th	2937.24 ± 4.88	3145.60 ± 4.29	2756.32 ± 4.15	4756.96 ± 4.59	4580.45 ± 3.08	3539.05 ± 3.15	1132.74 ± 3.59	4701.14 ± 3.66	4818.30 ± 2.58
9th	2907.67 ± 4.70	3139.05 ± 5.16	2687.41 ± 4.92	4598.03 ± 3.99	4578.65 ± 5.35	3293.12 ± 4.99	1103.83 ± 4.58	4638.9 ± 4.50	4768.21 ± 4.75
10th	2797.84 ± 3.82	3102.32 ± 4.30	2598.33 ± 3.90	3573.51 ± 5.11	3677.96 ± 6.21	3102.32 ± 4.48	1080.48 ± 5.05	4417.24 ± 6.37	4695.92 ± 5.18

Means within a column are significantly different (p < 0.05);

Values are reported as means ± SD of three replicate analyses (n = 3);

Significant differences were identified between the additives using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and F-tests for multiple comparisons at 95% confidence level.