Conjugated linoleic acid as functional food in poultry products: A review

Figures & data

Figure 1. Structure of linoleic acid and CLA isomers. (1) Linoleic acid (typical n-6 PUFA); (2) cis-9, trans-11 CLA; (3) trans-10, cis-12 CLA. Adapted from Benjamin and Spener.^[13]

Figure 2. CLA production by Lactobacillus acidophilus. Adapted from Ogawa et al.^[19]

Figure 3. CLA biosynthesis in the ruminant’s body. Adapted from Bessa et al.^[27]

Table 1. Conjugated linoleic acid of various foods.

Food	Total CLA (mg/g) fat
Fish	0.3
Salmon	0.3
Pork	0.6
Shrimp	0.6
Chicken	0.9
Fresh ground turkey	2.5
Ice cream	3.6
Medium cheddar	4.1
Fresh ground beef	4.3
Butter	4.7
Plain yogurt	4.8
Cultured buttermilk	5.4
Homogenized milk	5.5
Lamb	5.6
Butter fat	6.1
Condensed milk	7.0

Modified and adapted from Muller and Delahoy.^[15]

Table 2. Mean CLA content in various poultry products.

Meat products	CLA content	References
Ground turkey	0.25%	Chin et al.^[Citation35]
Turkey frank	1.6 mg/fat	Chin et al.^[Citation20]
Smoked turkey	2.4 mg/fat	Chin et al.^[Citation20]
Canned food chicken breast	0.4 mg/fat	Chin et al.^[Citation20]
Chicken stick	0.6 mg/fat	Chin et al.^[Citation20]
Turkey stick	1.8 mg/fat	Chin et al.^[Citation20]

Table 3. Mean CLA content in various poultry species.

Reference	Broiler	Egg	Turkey
Chin et al.^[Citation20]	0.9 mg/fat	0.6 mg/fat	2.5 mg/fat
Schmid et al.^[Citation4]	1.5 mg/g FAME		0.2 mg/g FAME
Rule et al.^[Citation36]	0.7 mg/g FAME
Fritsche and Steinhardt^[Citation37]	1.5 mg/g FAME

Table 4. Effects of CLA on egg production of laying hens.

Experimental evidence	Author
Increase CLA in egg yolk after 1 week feeding	Jones et al.^[Citation91]
Decreased in egg production by 10% after fed with 2% CLA	Kim et al.^[Citation92]
Decreased in egg production by 6%	Shang et al.^[Citation84]
1% CLA did not affect the rate of egg production and egg weight	Raes et al.^[Citation78]
Increased egg yolk firmness	Choi^[Citation94]
Significant increase in SFA	Raes et al.^[Citation78]
High embryonic mortality	Aydin et al.^[Citation97], Aydin and Cook^[Citation96]

Figure 4. Regulating CLA-induced adipocyte apoptosis via intrinsic and extrinsic pathway. Adapted from Qi et al.^[115]

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