Kinetics of extracted bioactive components from mushrooms in artificial digestive juices

Figures & data

Table 1. The content of bioelements in the lyophilized biomass of 12 species of edible mushrooms extracted into artificial digestive juices over different time periods.

Material and extraction time	Mg	K	Na	Ca	Cu	Zn	Fe
Artificial juice	[mg/10 mL juice used for mushrooms extraction]
Salvia	2.33 ± 0.05	4 ± 12	10 ± 11	0.10 ± 0.01	—	—	—
Gastric juice	0.56 ± 0.07	3 ± 9	9 ± 3	—	—	—	—
Intestinal juice	1.10 ± 0.01	2 ± 7	10 ± 1	0.1 ± 0.1	—	—	—
Mushroom material	[mg/100 g d.w.]
P. ostreatus
saliva
1 min	55 ± 4	8590 ± 299	3633 ± 379	368 ± 17	0.35 ± 0.03	1.12 ± 0.09	2.5 ± 0.2
gastric juice
15 min	28.01 ± 0.09^a	3787 ± 73^a	2902 ± 12^a	140 ± 6^a	0.144 ± 0.002^a	1.20 ± 0.01^a	1.52 ± 0.04^a
60 min	45.1 ± 0.4^ab	4198 ± 68^ab	2798 ± 30^ab	178 ± 2^ab	0.302 ± 0.002^ab	2.09 ± 0.02^ab	6.17 ± 0.05^ab
120 min	31.5 ± 0.2^ab	4885 ± 14^ab	2483 ± 15^ab	163 ± 2^ab	0.159 ± 0.004^ab	1.62 ± 0.02^ab	2.44 ± 0.02^ab
intestinal juice
150 min	9.6 ± 0.1^a	1856 ± 70	3703 ± 49^a	54.7 ± 0.2^a	0.057 ± 0.006^a	0.58 ± 0.01^a	0.64 ± 0.01^a
	11.28 ± 0.03^ab	1961 ± 21	2683 ± 4^ab	40.6 ± 0.5^ab	0.023 ± 0.001	0.64 ± 0.01^ab	0.95 ± 0.04^ab
	12.70 ± 0.04^ab	1890 ± 66	2773 ± 34^ab	47.2 ± 0.8^ab	0.050 ± 0.002^ab	0.770 ± 0.007^ab	0.738 ± 0.007^ab
B. edulis
saliva
1 min	32 ± 2	4627 ± 635	4512 ± 370	317 ± 11	0.33 ± 0.04	1.00 ± 0.06	0.43 ± 0.01
gastric juice
15 min	18 ± 1^a	2871 ± 12^a	1643 ± 20^a	93 ± 6	0.70 ± 0.02^a	2.88 ± 0.01^a	0.72 ± 0.01
60 min	22.36 ± 0.02^ab	2787 ± 46^ab	1816 ± 21	95.8 ± 0.6	0.82 ± 0.02^b	2.99 ± 0.03^ab	0.74 ± 0.02
120 min	20.93 ± 0.03^ab	3458 ± 15^ab	1665.0 ± 0.8^a	86.4 ± 0.2	0.54 ± 0.08^ab	1.64 ± 0.03^ab	0.72 ± 0.03
intestinal juice
150 min	11.09 ± 0.08^a	1619 ± 35^a	3557 ± 0.1^a	43.30 ± 0.01^a	0.400 ± 0.002^a	2.464 ± 0.008^a	0.309 ± 0.004^a
	7.96 ± 0.07^a	1122 ± 73^ab	2975 ± 20^ab	33 ± 1^ab	0.353 ± 0.008^ab	1.830 ± 0.004^ab	0.183 ± 0.001^ab
	10 ± 2	3458 ± 15^ab	3008 ± 11^ab	40 ± 1^ab	0.537 ± 0.008^ab	0.82 ± 0.02^ab	0.239 ± 0.003^ab
T. equestre
saliva
1 min	32 ± 3	5210 ± 255	4752 ± 280	330 ± 19	0.27 ± 0.04	1.4 ± 0.2	14 ± 1
gastric juice
15 min	13.1 ± 0.1^a	2994 ± 31^a	1970 ± 5^a	89.2 ± 0.1^a	0.43 ± 0.02^a	1.526 ± 0.003^a	119 ± 2^a
60 min	20.5 ± 0.2^ab	3400 ± 42^ab	1919 ± 6^ab	107 ± 1^ab	1.05 ± 0.02^ab	2.88 ± 0.02^ab	247 ± 3^ab
120 min	19.26 ± 0.02^ab	4504 ± 80^ab	1837 ± 15^ab	81.1 ± 0.8^ab	1.38 ± 0.01^ab	1.73 ± 0.01^ab	176 ± 3^ab
intestinal juice
150 min	7.92 ± 0.06^a	1074 ± 5^a	2958 ± 3^a	58.4 ± 0.4^a	0.148 ± 0.002^a	0.50 ± 0.02^a	57 ± 4
	5.88 ± 0.04	1049 ± 2^b	3278 ± 30^ab	44.70 ± 0.09^ab	0.181 ± 0.004^a	0.83 ± 0.01^ab	65 ± 2
	8 ± 1^a	2342 ± 24^ab	4181 ± 16^ab	51.4 ± 0.6^ab	0.18 ± 0.01^a	1.08 ± 0.01^ab	65 ± 6
A. polytricha
saliva
1 min	27 ± 2	7707 ± 255	3433 ± 426	330 ± 19	0.040 ± 0.008	0.249 ± 0.007	0.37 ± 0.08
gastric juice
15 min	33.6 ± 0.2^a	1504 ± 44^a	1980 ± 2^a	70.5 ± 0.2^a	0.049 ± 0.002^a	0.46 ± 0.01^a	2.05 ± 0.04^a
60 min	36.5 ± 0.3^ab	1790 ± 78^ab	2018 ± 21^ab	83 ± 5^ab	0.073 ± 0.006^ab	0.537 ± 0.008^ab	2.42 ± 0.04^ab
120 min	34.7 ± 0.2^ab	2452 ± 93^ab	1864 ± 1^ab	63 ± 3^b	0.067 ± 0.008^ab	0.44 ± 0.01^b	1.25 ± 0.06^ab
intestinal juice
150 min	10 ± 1^a	586 ± 30^a	3196 ± 9^a	57 ± 4^a	0.021 ± 0.007^a	1.228 ± 0.006^a	0.498 ± 0.004^a
	7 ± 1^ab	1291 ± 105^ab	3546 ± 0.5^ab	56.59 ± 0.02^ab	0.025 ± 0.003	0.114 ± 0.002^ab	0.448 ± 0.008^ab
	6.24 ± 0.02^ab	2203 ± 134^ab	2760 ± 25^ab	50.4 ± 0.2^ab	0.033 ± 0.001^a	0.296 ± 0.002^ab	0.284 ± 0.009^ab
L. scabrum
saliva
1 min	29 ± 3	4332 ± 249	4453 ± 295	277 ± 8	0.25 ± 0.05	1.9 ± 0.1	⃰
gastric juice
15 min	13.17 ± 0.01^a	2295 ± 26^a	2283 ± 17^a	87 ± 2^a	0.080 ± 0.002^a	1.450 ± 0.006^a	0.598 ± 0.009^a
60 min	23.3 ± 0.1^ab	2328 ± 4^b	2587 ± 8^ab	152.8 ± 0.4^ab	0.345 ± 0.002^ab	2.63 ± 0.02^ab	0.765 ± 0.008^ab
120 min	14.7 ± 0.2^ab	2958 ± 31^ab	1376 ± 3^ab	91.1 ± 0.8^ab	0.234 ± 0.003^ab	1.865 ± 0.007^ab	0.548 ± 0.003^ab
intestinal juice
150 min	4.75 ± 0.04^a	968 ± 37^a	3960 ± 5^a	36.6 ± 0.3^a	0.077 ± 0.002^a	0.654 ± 0.003^a	0.187 ± 0.005^a
	5.11 ± 0.01^ab	1108 ± 1^ab	3352 ± 2^ab	55.4 ± 0.7^ab	0.077 ± 0.001^b	0.62 ± 0.01^a	0.255 ± 0.007^ab
	4.94 ± 0.01^ab	1235 ± 33^ab	4148 ± 46^ab	38.3 ± 0.6^ab	0.085 ± 0.002^ab	0.614 ± 0.004^a	0.274 ± 0.003^ab
S. bovinus
saliva
1 min	21 ± 2	8206 ± 642	3399 ± 241	280 ± 18	0.16 ± 0.03	0.35 ± 0.06	0.42 ± 0.04
gastric juice
15 min	11.0 ± 0.1^a	2822 ± 20^a	2683 ± 14^a	58.7 ± 0.5^a	0.147 ± 0.002^a	0.900 ± 0.002^a	0.544 ± 0.008^a
60 min	27.0 ± 0.2^ab	3311 ± 3^ab	2742 ± 12^ab	120 ± 1^ab	0.424 ± 0.002^ab	2.630 ± 0.001^ab	1.542 ± 0.001^ab
120 min	25.4 ± 0.2^ab	3728 ± 13^ab	2602 ± 4^ab	75 ± 4^ab	0.294 ± 0.008^ab	1.652 ± 0.001^ab	0.943 ± 0.001^ab
intestinal juice
150 min	9.43 ± 0.08^a	1788 ± 10^a	3584 ± 7^a	41.7 ± 0.3^a	0.068 ± 0.001^a	1.13 ± 0.02^a	0.2 ± 0.0^a
	6.72 ± 0.08^ab	1806 ± 19^b	3776 ± 13^ab	37.2 ± 0.8^a	0.122 ± 0.003^ab	0.701 ± 0.001^ab	0.24 ± 0.01^ab
	8.18 ± 0.06^ab	1587 ± 9^ab	3598 ± 24^b	38.2 ± 0.2^a	0.042 ± 0.001^ab	0.633 ± 0.004^ab	0.26 ± 0.01^ab
S. luteus
saliva
1 min	18 ± 3	7387 ± 328	4035 ± 850	290 ± 8	0.13 ± 0.02	0.57 ± 0.03	0.30 ± 0.02
gastric juice
15 min	21.1 ± 0.2^a	2217 ± 46^a	2226 ± 10^a	95 ± 2^a	0.288 ± 0.001^a	1.218 ± 0.003^a	0.515 ± 0.004^a
60 min	29.70 ± 0.09^ab	3145 ± 4^ab	2676 ± 7^ab	104.1 ± 0.7^a	0.245 ± 0.003^ab	2.262 ± 0.004^ab	0.587 ± 0.006^ab
120 min	26.0 ± 0.2^ab	3425 ± 8^ab	2477 ± 3^ab	99 ± 5	0.229 ± 0.001^ab	2.152 ± 0.009^ab	1.167 ± 0.007^ab
intestinal juice
150 min	11.2 ± 0.5^a	1823 ± 44^a	4115 ± 32^a	43 ± 1^a	0.140 ± 0.003^a	0.598 ± 0.004^a	0.388 ± 0.008^a
	7.64 ± 0.04^a	1252 ± 40^ab	3549.0 ± 0.6^ab	35.6 ± 0.1^ab	0.118 ± 0.002^ab	0.577 ± 0.002	0.150 ± 0.004^a
	7.68 ± 0.06^a	884 ± 14^ab	3470 ± 14^ab	39.5 ± 0.5^ab	0.094 ± 0.002^ab	0.57 ± 0.02^a	⃰
L. deliciosus
saliva
1 min	41 ± 4	7646 ± 509	4782 ± 455	273 ± 8	0.106 ± 0.004	2.1 ± 0.1	0.65 ± 0.03
gastric juice
15 min	15.6 ± 0.2^a	2265 ± 29^a	2950 ± 2^a	89.7 ± 0.2^a	0.145 ± 0.003^a	1.041 ± 0.003^a	0.522 ± 0.007^a
60 min	30.98 ± 0.06^ab	3727 ± 66^ab	2773 ± 12^ab	126 ± 2^ab	0.283 ± 0.001^ab	2.35 ± 0.01^ab	2.5 ± 0.1^ab
120 min	23.62 ± 0.01^ab	5150 ± 46^ab	2697 ± 17^ab	104 ± 1^ab	0.216 ± 0.001^ab	1.671 ± 0.005^ab	1.125 ± 0.001^ab
intestinal juice
150 min	6.7 ± 0.3^a	1490 ± 70^a	4025 ± 6^a	56 ± 3	0.077 ± 0.002^a	0.537 ± 0.007^a	0.27 ± 0.02^a
	6.61 ± 0.03^b	814 ± 19^ab	2944 ± 17^ab	57.6 ± 0.5	0.067 ± 0.003^ab	0.632 ± 0.005^ab	0.20 ± 0.01^ab
	9.5 ± 0.2^ab	1229 ± 0.5^ab	2697 ± 17^ab	56 ± 1	0.084 ± 0.005^b	0.73 ± 0.01^ab	0.383 ± 0.002^ab
A. mellea
saliva
1 min	45 ± 5	5400 ± 285	5834 ± 421	300 ± 17	0.255 ± 0.006	0.9 ± 0.1	1.7 ± 0.2
gastric juice
15 min	22.3 ± 0.1^a	3810 ± 185^a	1570 ± 2^a	81.7 ± 0.5^a	0.215 ± 0.001^a	0.878 ± 0.006^a	1.055 ± 0.005^a
60 min	34.7 ± 0.3^ab	3828 ± 87^b	1582 ± 3^ab	113.0 ± 0.2^ab	0.236 ± 0.004^ab	1.574 ± 0.005^ab	1.993 ± 0.006^ab
120 min	26.21 ± 0.01^ab	4500 ± 40^ab	1457 ± 6^ab	84.1 ± 0.5^ab	0.181 ± 0.003^ab	1.052 ± 0.001^ab	1.47 ± 0.05^ab
intestinal juice
150 min	8.2 ± 0.7^a	1274 ± 23^a	3100 ± 2^a	53.1 ± 0.4^a	0.067 ± 0.001^a	2.90 ± 0.02^a	0.151 ± 0.003^a
	6.27 ± 0.05^ab	1069 ± 56^a	2930 ± 2^a	42.7 ± 0.8^a	0.042 ± 0.001^a	1.32 ± 0.01^ab	0.281 ± 0.001^ab
	8.1 ± 0.9^b	1100 ± 55^a	2925 ± 6^a	45 ± 5^a	0.043 ± 0.001^a	0.41 ± 0.01^ab	0.30 ± 0.01^ab
A. bisporus
saliva
1 min	47 ± 3	7300 ± 200	4631 ± 286	290 ± 7	0.37 ± 0.04	1.42 ± 0.08	2.6 ± 0.2
gastric juice
15 min	36.4 ± 0.5^a	2467 ± 5^a	2382 ± 20^a	99.1 ± 0.6^a	0.502 ± 0.004^a	2.303 ± 0.005^a	2.79 ± 0.08^a
60 min	66.27 ± 0.08^ab	3169 ± 36^a	2016 ± 2^ab	106.2 ± 0.7^ab	0.61 ± 0.01^a	3.593 ± 0.004^ab	3.9 ± 0.1^ab
120 min	55.12 ± 0.01^ab	3186 ± 17^a	1960 ± 20^ab	97.1 ± 0.2^ab	0.595 ± 0.004^a	2.51 ± 0.01^ab	2.95 ± 0.04^b
intestinal juice
150 min	13.90 ± 0.01^a	1350 ± 17^a	3470 ± 15^a	48.8 ± 0.1^a	0.180 ± 0.003^a	1.06 ± 0.01^a	1.07 ± 0.05^a
	12.7 ± 0.4^ab	1573 ± 21^ab	4016 ± 3^ab	53 ± 7^b	0.183 ± 0.001^b	0.87 ± 0.02^ab	1.98 ± 0.01^ab
	14.4 ± 0.1^b	1449 ± 38^ab	3408 ± 1^ab	37.7 ± 0.1^ab	0.309 ± 0.004^ab	1.236 ± 0.005^ab	2.6 ± 0.2^ab
C. cibarius
saliva
1 min	34 ± 6	8003 ± 94	4315 ± 247	286 ± 15	0.43 ± 0.03	2.2 ± 0.1	2.3 ± 0.1
gastric juice
15 min	17.2 ± 0.2^a	2809 ± 70^a	3285 ± 16^a	69.8 ± 0.2^a	0.75 ± 0.01^a	1.66 ± 0.02^a	2.54 ± 0.05^a
60 min	39.52 ± 0.03^ab	3603 ± 27^ab	3111 ± 1^ab	116 ± 1^ab	1.60 ± 0.02^ab	3.16 ± 0.01^ab	6.7 ± 0.4^ab
120 min	32.5 ± 0.1^ab	5056 ± 15^ab	2962 ± 6^ab	104 ± 3^ab	1.23 ± 0.02^ab	2.68 ± 0.01^ab	4.39 ± 0.08^ab
intestinal juice
150 min	8.2 ± 0.5	1326 ± 1^a	3901 ± 13^a	51 ± 12	0.136 ± 0.001^a	0.747 ± 0.004^a	1.0 ± 0.1
	7.2 ± 0.5	1074 ± 80^b	4043 ± 12^ab	54 ± 14	0.079 ± 0.001^ab	0.58 ± 0.01^ab	0.9 ± 0.1
	7.4 ± 0.4	1282 ± 50^ab	4124 ± 43^ab	41 ± 7	0.118 ± 0.002^ab	0.746 ± 0.006^b	1.0 ± 0.1
B. badius
saliva
1 min	26 ± 2	6895 ± 470	2929 ± 258	286 ± 17	0.193 ± 0.007	1.3 ± 0.1	0.37 ± 0.01
gastric juice
15 min	17.8 ± 0.1^a	2217 ± 13^a	1528 ± 7^a	79.7 ± 0.4^a	0.52 ± 0.01^a	2.64 ± 0.03^a	0.90 ± 0.01^a
60 min	22.9 ± 0.1^ab	2883 ± 3^ab	1677 ± 4^a	108 ± 3^ab	0.67 ± 0.01^a	4.42 ± 0.03^ab	0.95 ± 0.01^ab
120 min	23.7 ± 0.2^ab	3293 ± 17^ab	1671 ± 4^ab	88 ± 1^ab	0.582 ± 0.005^a	3.09 ± 0.08^ab	1.260 ± 0.003^ab
intestinal juice
150 min	13.6 ± 0.7^a	1730 ± 40^a	3516 ± 7^a	50 ± 3^a	0.278 ± 0.001^a	2.168 ± 0.003^a	0.820 ± 0.004^a
	10.37 ± 0.04^ab	1597 ± 29^ab	3987 ± 18^ab	41.5 ± 0.5^a	0.410 ± 0.002^ab	1.72 ± 0.01^a	0.45 ± 0.01^ab
	8.08 ± 0.03^ab	1127 ± 12^ab	3059 ± 10^ab	38.7 ± 0.2^a	0.279 ± 0.003^b	1.723 ± 0.001^a	0.52 ± 0.01^ab

Data are presented as means±SD (standard deviation).

n = 4 repetitions.

*Less than 0.001 mg/100 g dw.

Tukey-Kramer post-hoc test was used to reveal the differences between paired groups of elements in rows, the same letters denote those content differences statistically significant (for p-values below 0.05; GraphPad InStat).

Figure 1. A radar chart of metals released into artificial gastric juice for an incubation time of 15 min. (Po, P. ostreatus; Be, B. edulis; Te, T. equestre; Ap, A. polytricha; Ls, L. scabrum; Sb, S. bovinus; Sl, S. luteus; Ld, L. deliciosus; Am, A. mellea; Ab, A. bisporus; Cc, C. cibarius; Bb, B. badius).

Figure 2. A radar chart of metals released into artificial gastric juice for an incubation time of 60 min. (Po, P. ostreatus; Be, B. edulis; Te, T. equestre; Ap, A. polytricha; Ls, L. scabrum; Sb, S. bovinus; Sl, S. luteus; Ld, L. deliciosus; Am, A. mellea; Ab, A. bisporus; Cc, C. cibarius; Bb, B. badius).

Figure 3. A radar chart of metals released into artificial gastric juice for an incubation time of 120 min. (Po, P. ostreatus; Be, B. edulis; Te, T. equestre; Ap, A. polytricha; Ls, L. scabrum; Sb, S. bovinus; Sl, S. luteus; Ld, L. deliciosus; Am, A. mellea; Ab, A. bisporus; Cc, C. cibarius; Bb, B. badius).

Table 2. Sized factor loads for the three main components (PC1, PC2, PC3).

Bioelement	Component 1	Component 2	Component 3
Mg	0.39	0.11	−0.65
Cu	0.33	−0.60	0.28
Zn	0.33	−0.49	−0.10
Fe	0.53	0.06	−0.18
K	0.33	0.06	0.61
Na	0.26	0.52	0.28
Ca	0.41	0.32	0.05

Table 3. The content of indole compounds in the lyophilized biomass of 12 species of edible mushrooms extracted into artificial digestive juices over different time periods.

Material and extraction time	5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan	Serotonin	Tryptamine	L-tryptophan	5-methyl-tryptamine	6-methyl-D,L-tryptophan	Melatonin
	[mg/100 g dw]
P. ostreatus
Saliva
-1 min	16.0 ± 0.5	10.0 ± 0.4	−	*	−	−	−
Gastric juice
15 min	211 ± 7	212 ± 6^a	11.91 ± 0.05^a	*	4.46 ± 0.06^a		0.98 ± 0.02^a
60 min	231 ± 6^b	404 ± 4^ab	11.20 ± 0.03^ab	*	4.11 ± 0.04^ab	−	1.86 ± 0.02^ab
120 min	190 ± 16^b	712 ± 44^ab	12.26 ± 0.06^ab	*	4.39 ± 0.01^b	−	3.08 ± 0.05^ab
Intestinal juice
150 min	128 ± 1^a	71 ± 1^a	11.26 ± 0.02	*	4.2 ± 0.1^a	−	1.6 ± 0.1
	156 ± 5^ab	97 ± 3^ab	−	*	4.62 ± 0.02^ab	−	1.38 ± 0.08
	177 ± 11^ab	617 ± 6^ab	−		3.01 ± 0.01^ab	−	1.5 ± 0.0
B. edulis
Saliva
1 min	14.8 ± 0.3	11.1 ± 0.3	−	*	2.99 ± 0.01	−	−
Gastric juice
15 min	231 ± 8^a	297 ± 13^a	−	−	3.21 ± 0.07	4.26 ± 0.04^a	−
60 min	391 ± 16^ab	372 ± 2^ab	−	−	−	6.5 ± 0.5^a	1.93 ± 0.06
120 min	588 ± 5^ab	556 ± 3^ab	−	2.09 ± 0.1	3.3 ± 0.2	−	2.1 ± 0.1
Intestinal juice
150 min	282 ± 5^a	192 ± 4^a	11.50 ± 0.09	−	−	5.7 ± 0.3	1.09 ± 0.07^a
	183 ± 2^a	141 ± 3^ab	11.50 ± 0.05	−	−	−	1.03 ± 0.05^b
	181 ± 4^a	162 ± 6^ab	11.43 ± 0.04	*	4.50 ± 0.08	−	1.77 ± 0.02^ab
T. equestre
Saliva
1 min	14.1 ± 0.4	7.69 ± 0.09	−	*	3.15 ± 0.04	−	−
Gastric juice
15 min	119 ± 2^a	90 ± 3^a	−	*	4.82 ± 0.01^a	−	1.0 ± 0.0^a
60 min	247 ± 3^ab	238 ± 13^ab	11.35 ± 0.05	*	5.3 ± 0.3^ab	−	2.18 ± 0.01^ab
120 min	176 ± 3^ab	151 ± 5^ab	11.49 ± 0.07	*	4.61 ± 0.02^b	−	2.66 ± 0.02^ab
Intestinal juice
150 min	57 ± 4	56.0 ± 0.7^a	−	−	4.21 ± 0.01^a	−	−
	65 ± 2	106 ± 5^ab	−	*	4.74 ± 0.01^ab	−	1.08 ± 0.04^b
	65 ± 6	56.83 ± 0.07^b	−	*	4.15 ± 0.01^ab	−	1.66 ± 0.01^b
A. polytricha
Saliva
1 min	10.5 ± 0.4	−	−	*	−	−	−
Gastric juice
15 min	91 ± 2^a	−	−	*	2.99 ± 0.01	−	0.98 ± 0.01
60 min	72 ± 5^ab	42 ± 2^b	−	−	−	−	−
120 min	171 ± 5^ab	118 ± 7^b	−	−	−	−	−
intestinal juice
150 min	35 ± 2^a	12.3 ± 0.4^a	−	*	−	−	−
	38 ± 2^b	12.0 ± 0.5^b	−	*	−	−	−
	50 ± 1^ab	30.2 ± 0.6^ab	−	*	−	−	−
L. scabrum
Saliva
1 min	19.5 ± 0.8	11.2 ± 0.2	−	*	3.0 ± 0.0	4.0 ± 0.2	1.0 ± 0.0
Gastric juice
15 min	283 ± 9^a	136 ± 7^a	12.5 ± 0.2^a	*	3.8 ± 0.3	−	1.01 ± 0.04
60 min	289 ± 8^b	168 ± 2^b	12.02 ± 0.03^b	*	3.31 ± 0.03	−	−
120 min	365 ± 18^ab	411 ± 38^ab	14.2 ± 0.5^ab	*	−	4.31 ± 0.03	1.25 ± 0.04
Intestinal juice
150 min	179 ± 9^a	75 ± 2^a	11.73 ± 0.01^a	*	3.43 ± 0.04	4.8 ± 0.3^a	0.98 ± 0.01
	107 ± 6^ab	69 ± 3^b	11.06 ± 0.02^ab	*	3.20 ± 0.03^a	4.0 ± 0.1^ab	−
	159 ± 12^b	136 ± 10^ab	11.35 ± 0.03^ab	*	3.6 ± 0.1^a	4.4 ± 0.2^ab	−
S. bovinus
Saliva
1 min	11.6 ± 0.1	−	−	*	−	−	−
Gastric juice
15 min	113 ± 6^a	−	13.26 ± 0.07^a	*	3.3 ± 0.1	5.5 ± 0.3^a	1.98 ± 0.03^a
60 min	168 ± 5^ab	114 ± 2^b	−	*	−	4.70 ± 0.07^ab	5.8 ± 0.2^ab
120 min	237 ± 10^ab	222 ± 13^b	11.80 ± 0.01^a	*	3.6 ± 0.2	5.9 ± 0.4^b	8.9 ± 0.2^ab
Intestinal juice
150 min	91 ± 2^a	54 ± 4^a	−	*	3.3 ± 0.1	4.9 ± 0.2^a	4.78 ± 0.03^a
	86 ± 1^b	69 ± 1^ab	−	*	−	4.12 ± 0.02^ab	2.74 ± 0.02^ab
	156 ± 4^ab	135 ± 2^ab	−	*	−	4.5 ± 0.2^ab	4.8 ± 0.2^b
S. luteus
Saliva
1 min	14.9 ± 0.7	7.16 ± 0.09	−	*	−	−	−
Gastric juice
15 min	205 ± 11	601.5 ± 0.9^a	−	*	−	4.9 ± 0.1	2.14 ± 0.03^a
60 min	188 ± 6^b	141 ± 1^ab	−	*	3.25 ± 0.02^b	−	6.2 ± 0.3^ab
120 min	239 ± 21^b	257 ± 19^ab	−	*	3.7 ± 0.3^b	−	9.5 ± 0.4^ab
Intestinal juice
150 min	180 ± 5^a	107 ± 2^a	11.53 ± 0.03	*	4.03 ± 0.04^a	3.98 ± 0.03	5.8 ± 0.1^a
	107 ± 9^ab	109 ± 7^b	−	*	3.09 ± 0.09^a	−	2.59 ± 0.05^ab
	11.1 ± 0.5^ab	249 ± 12^ab	−	2.2 ± 0.1	3.12 ± 0.04^a	3.97 ± 0.03	5.7 ± 0.1^b
L. deliciosus
Saliva
1 min	21 ± 1	13.2 ± 0.2	−	*	−	3.96 ± 0.02	−
Gastric juice
15 min	168 ± 4^a	144 ± 4^a	11.44 ± 0.02	*	3.7 ± 0.2^a	4.5 ± 0.3^a	−
60 min	227 ± 10^a	259 ± 8^ab	11.11 ± 0.01	−	3.14 ± 0.01^a	4.83 ± 0.04	1.75 ± 0.09^b
120 min	205 ± 11^a	601.5 ± 0.9^ab	−	*	−	4.9 ± 0.1	2.14 ± 0.03^b
Intestinal juice
150 min	91.7 ± 0.8^a	84 ± 1^a	−	*	3.0 ± 0.0	3.9 ± 0.1^a	−
	112 ± 2^ab	103 ± 1^ab	−	*	2.99 ± 0.03	4.04 ± 0.01^b	1.23 ± 0.02
	165 ± 3^ab	156 ± 4^ab	−	*	3.0 ± 0.1	4.33 ± 0.04^ab	−
A. mellea
Saliva
1 min	22.1 ± 0.7	16.1 ± 0.6	−	*	3.37 ± 0.04	−	−
Gastric juice
15 min	239 ± 7^a	180 ± 5^a	−	−	6.1 ± 0.2^a	−	12.1 ± 0.3^a
60 min	260 ± 5^ab	207 ± 3^ab	−	−	5.58 ± 0.04^ab	−	4.8 ± 0.2^ab
120 min	311 ± 7^ab	244 ± 4^ab	12.02 ± 0.03	*	6.99 ± 0.03^ab	−	22.9 ± 0.6^ab
Intestinal juice
150 min	134 ± 9^a	106 ± 4^a	−	*	5.4 ± 0.1^a	−	5.01 ± 0.07^a
	91 ± 4^ab	51 ± 1^ab	−	*	4.1 ± 0.1^ab	−	4.7 ± 0.2^b
	130 ± 9^b	133 ± 11^ab	11.75 ± 0.05	*	5.4 ± 0.2^b	−	3.2 ± 0.1^ab
A. bisporus
Saliva
1 min	18 ± 1	13.6 ± 0.2	−	*	4.12 ± 0.04	−	−
Gastric juice
15 min	186 ± 6^a	173 ± 2^a	−	−	−	−	1.36 ± 0.01^a
60 min	515 ± 1^ab	460 ± 7^ab	11.78 ± 0.06	1.14 ± 0.07	5.04 ± 0.04^b	4.19 ± 0.05	1.33 ± 0.08^b
120 min	588 ± 3^ab	595 ± 11^ab	11.56 ± 0.03	*	3.5 ± 0.2^b	−	2.9 ± 0.1^ab
Intestinal juice
150 min	327 ± 14^a	171 ± 4^a	11.9 ± 0.2	2.1 ± 0.1	10.1 ± 0.2^a	5.86 ± 0.08^a	2.0 ± 0.1^a
	230 ± 12^ab	148 ± 3^ab	11.3 ± 0.0	*	7.8 ± 0.1^ab	5.31 ± 0.04^ab	1.65 ± 0.03^ab
	321 ± 8^b	332 ± 3^ab	−	1.9 ± 0.1	9.2 ± 0.1^ab	5.7 ± 0.1^ab	2.20 ± 0.08^b
C. cibarius
Saliva
1 min	14.4 ± 0.5	10.0 ± 0.6	−	−	3.0 ± 0.0	−	−
Gastric juice
15 min	142 ± 1^a	75.6 ± 0.7^a	11.29 ± 0.04	*	4.01 ± 0.02^a	−	1.34 ± 0.07^a
60 min	140 ± 4^b	116 ± 3^a	−	−	3.20 ± 0.02^ab	−	0.9 ± 0.0^ab
120 min	363 ± 15^ab	−	11.1 ± 0.4	*	3.99 ± 0.01^b	−	1.30 ± 0.03^b
Intestinal juice
150 min	77 ± 3^a	58 ± 3^a	−	*	3.66 ± 0.01^a	−	1.3 ± 0.1^a
	57 ± 3^ab	38 ± 1^ab	−	*	3.10 ± 0.01^ab	−	1.0 ± 0.0^a
	68 ± 2^ab	64 ± 1^ab	−	*	3.66 ± 0.04^b	−	1.08 ± 0.06^a
B. badius
Saliva
1 min	17.2 ± 0.4	12.1 ± 0.4	−	0.86 ± 0.03	3.0 ± 0.0	−	−
Gastric juice
15 min	165 ± 4^a	120.8 ± 0.7^a	11.86 ± 0.04^a	*	3.12 ± 0.02^a	3.98 ± 0.08	1.9 ± 0.1^a
60 min	243 ± 8^a	173 ± 4^ab	11.78 ± 0.06^b	*	3.20 ± 0.05^b	−	1.51 ± 0.05^ab
120 min	263 ± 21^a	280 ± 8^ab	13.22 ± 0.04^ab	*	3.40 ± 0.03^ab	−	4.4 ± 0.1^ab
Intestinal juice
150 min	149 ± 3^a	95 ± 1^a	12.84 ± 0.05^a	0.61 ± 0.05	−	−	1.89 ± 0.05
	136 ± 4^a	114 ± 2^ab	11.2 ± 0.2^a	0.59 ± 0.01	−	−	1.90 ± 0.01
	136 ± 7	129 ± 1^ab	−	*	−	−	1.8 ± 0.1

Data are presented as means±SD (standard deviation).

n = 3 repetitions.

*Less than 0.001 mg/100 g dw Tukey–Kramer post-hoc test was used to reveal the differences between paired groups of indole compounds in rows, the same letters denote those content differences statistically significant (for p values below 0.05; GraphPad InStat).

Table 4. The content of phenolic acids in the lyophilized biomass of twelve species of edible mushrooms extracted into artificial digestive juices over different time periods.

Material and extraction time	Protocatechuic acid	p-hydroxybenzoic acid	Syringic acid	Gallic acid
	[mg/100 g dw]
P. ostreatus
Saliva
1 min	−	−	−	−
Gastric juice
15 min	−	−	−	−
60 min	−	−	−	−
120 min	−	−	−	−
Intestinal juice
150 min	−	−	2.9 ± 0.2^a	−
	−	−	3.5 ± 0.3^a	−
	−	−	−	−
B. edulis
Saliva
1 min	−	0.1 ± 0.0	−	−
Gastric juice
15 min	−	−	−	−
60 min	−	0.20 ± 0.01	−	15 ± 1
120 min	−	−	10.2 ± 0.4	−
Intestinal juice
150 min	−	−	−	−
	−	−	1.19 ± 0.09^b	−
	−	−	3.1 ± 0.1^b	−
T. equestre
Saliva
1 min	−	−	−	−
Gastric juice
15 min	1.54 ± 0.05^a	0.1 ± 0.0^a	−	−
60 min	2.2 ± 0.1^a	−	2.0 ± 0.2	−
120 min	2.33 ± 0.03^a	0.28 ± 0.02^a	−	−
Intestinal juice
150 min	1.03 ± 0.06^a	−	−	−
	0.76 ± 0.05^ab	−	−	−
	1.1 ± 0.1^b	0.2 ± 0.0	−	−
A. polytricha
Saliva
1 min	−	−	−	−
Gastric juice
15 min	1.0 ± 0.1^a	−	−	0.37 ± 0.04^a
60 min	1.18 ± 0.05^b	−	−	−
120 min	2.3 ± 0.2^ab	−	−	1.9 ± 0.1^a
Intestinal juice
150 min	0.60 ± 0.03	−	−	−
	0.68 ± 0.05	−	−	0.02 ± 0.00
	0.6 ± 0.0	−	−	−
L. scabrum
Saliva
1 min	−	−	−	−
Gastric juice
15 min	−	−	1.4 ± 0.1^a	5.2 ± 0.4^a
60 min	−	−	−	−
120 min	−	−	3.9 ± 0.3^a	4.2 ± 0.4^a
Intestinal juice
150 min	−	−	4.3 ± 0.4^a	3.5 ± 0.3^a
	−	−	−	0.03 ± 0.00^ab
	−	−	1.34 ± 0.08^a	1.6 ± 0.1^ab
S. bovinus
Saliva
1 min	−	0.1 ± 0.0	−	−
Gastric juice
15 min	1.7 ± 0.1^a	0.7 ± 0.1	−	−
60 min	2.0 ± 0.2^ab	0.76 ± 0.03	−	−
120 min	2.3 ± 0.2^b	0.81 ± 0.07	−	−
Intestinal juice
150 min	−	0.41 ± 0.03^a	−	−
	1.8 ± 0.0^b	0.52 ± 0.04^ab	−	−
	0.81 ± 0.03^b	0.42 ± 0.03^b	−	−
S. luteus
Saliva
1 min	−	−	−	−
Gastric juice
15 min	7.4 ± 0.4^a	0.48 ± 0.04	−	−
60 min	−	0.47 ± 0.02	−	−
120 min	0.91 ± 0.03^a	−	−	−
Intestinal juice
150 min	4.91 ± 0.1^a	0.45 ± 0.03^a	−	−
	3.09 ± 0.05^ab	0.2 ± 0.0^ab	−	−
	4.2 ± 0.3^ab	0.3 ± 0.0^ab	−	−
L. deliciosus
Saliva
1 min	−	−	−	−
Gastric juice
15 min	−	0.66 ± 0.02^a	−	−
60 min	7.2 ± 0.5^b	0.92 ± 0.08^ab	−	−
120 min	8.6 ± 0.5^b	1.3 ± 0.1^ab	−	−
Intestinal juice
150 min	1.7 ± 0.1^a	0.29 ± 0.02^a	−	−
	2.1 ± 0.2^ab	0.47 ± 0.04^ab	−	−
	2.8 ± 0.2^ab	0.71 ± 0.06^ab	−	−
A. mellea
Saliva
1 min	−	−	−	−
Gastric juice
15 min	−	−	−	−
60 min	−	−	−	−
120 min	−	−	−	−
Intestinal juice
150 min	−	−	−	−
	−	−	−	−
	−	−	−	−
A. bisporus
Saliva
1 min	−	0.1 ± 0.0	−	−
Gastric juice
15 min	4.0 ± 0.3^a	0.03 ± 0.00^a	−	−
60 min	3.6 ± 0.3^a	0.51 ± 0.04^a	2.2 ± 0.1	−
120 min	−	0.47 ± 0.03^a	−	−
Intestinal juice
150 min	−	−	11.1 ± 0.9	−
	−	−	−	−
	−	−	−	−
C. cibarius
Saliva
1 min	−	−	−	−
Gastric juice
15 min	1.7 ± 0.1^a	0.29 ± 0.02^a	0.48 ± 0.01^a	−
60 min	2.07 ± 0.01^b	0.29 ± 0.01^b	0.28 ± 0.03^a	−
120 min	2.8 ± 0.3^ab	0.39 ± 0.02^ab	−	−
Intestinal juice
150 min	1.1 ± 0.1	0.18 ± 0.01	1.4 ± 0.1	0.81 ± 0.05^a
	1.14 ± 0.02	−	−	−
	1.01 ± 0.02	−	−	0.07 ± 0.00^a
B. badius
Saliva
1 min	−	−	−	−
Gastric juice
15 min	−	−	−	−
60 min	−	−	1.41 ± 0.03^a	−
120 min	−	−	19 ± 2^a	−
Intestinal juice
150 min	−	−	−	−
	−	−	−	−
	−	−	4.5 ± 0.1	−

Data are presented as means ±SD (standard deviation).

n = 3 repetitions.

Tukey-Kramer post-hoc test was used to reveal the differences between paired groups of phenolic compounds in rows, the same letters denote those content differences statistically significant (for p-values below 0.05; GraphPad InStat).

Figure 4. Dendrogram presenting similarity observed between the analyzed micro- and macroelements (The City-Block distance, Ward’s algorithm).

Figure 5. Dendrogram presenting similarity within 12 mushroom species resulting from incubation time in artificial gastric juice and their classification (incubation time: I: 15 min; II: 60 min; III: 120 min. Classification: b: lamellar; r: tubular; n: no classification; m: fungi forming mycorrhiza; p: parasitic fungi).

Figure 6. Biplot-graph created in three-dimensional space, presenting the correlation between the incubation time of mushroom material in artificial gastric juice and amounts of elements released (created on the basis of three main components PC1, PC2, PC3. I: incubation time 15 min; II: incubation time 60 min; III: incubation time 120 min).