Biological activities and secondary compound composition from Crithmum maritimum aerial parts

Figures & data

Table 1. Mineral content of the aerial parts of C. maritimum.

Macro-elements (g/kg dw)
Mg	3.4 ± 0.2
Ca	23.3 ± 0.4
K	5.2 ± 2.4
Micro-elements (mg/kg dw)
Mn	144 ± 1
Cu	24.7 ± 0.1
Zn	2.5 ± 0.4
Fe	360 ± 12

Table 2. Contents in carotenoids, total phenolics, flavonoids, and condensed tannins from the C. maritimum extract.

Parameter	Content
Carotenoids (mg β-carotene/kg dw)	62.6 ± 3.8
Total phenolic compounds (g GAE/kg dw)	47.1 ± 0.1
Flavonoids (g CE/kg dw)	17.3 ± 0.7
Total condensed tannins (g CE/kg dw)	0.04 ± 0.01

Table 3. Phenolic compounds identified in the C. maritimum extract by LC/MS analysis.

Peak	Rt (min)	λmax	M-	M+	MS2 -	MS2+	Compound	Abbreviation	Content (mg/kg dw)
1	3.552	300, 325	353,082	355,101	191 (100), 179 (50), 135 (12), 173 (4)	163 (100), 145 (8)	3-caffeoylquinic acid	3-CQA	629 ± 54
2	4.127	311	337,087	339,107	163 (100), 191 (15), 173 (5)	147 (100)	3-coumaroylquininc acid	3-CoQA	121 ± 10
3	4.453	300, 325	353,082	355,101	191 (100), 179 (10), 173 (10)	163 (100)	5-caffeoylquinic acid	5-CQA	6366 ± 531
4	4.598	300, 325	353,082	355,101	191 (100), 179 (10), 173 (10)	163 (100), 145 (8)	1-caffeoylquinic acid	1-CQA	1033 ± 78
5	5.198	312	337,087	339,107	191 (100), 173 (15), 163 (5)	147 (100)	5-coumaroylquininc acid	5-CoQA	1040 ± 84
6	5.498	300, 326	367,097	369,117	191 (100), 173 (5)	177 (100), 145 (10)	5-feruloylquinic acid	5-FQA	1045 ± 78
7	5.764	307	337,087	339,106	191 (100), 173 (15), 163 (5)	147 (100)	cis-5-coumaroylquininc acid	cis-5-CoQA	243 ± 19
8	6.453	325	515,111	517,132	353 (100), 173 (20),179 (15), 335 (15) 191 (10)	319 (100), 163 (90)	3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid	3,4-DCQA	753 ± 55
9	6.540	325	515,111	517,132	353 (100), 191 (5)	−	3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid	3,5-DCQA	1637 ± 99
10	7.074	325	515,111	517,132	353 (100), 173 (20), 179 (10)	319 (100), 163 (90)	4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid	4,5-DCQA	1033 ± 73

Peak number corresponds to that found in Fig. S1.

λ_max is the absorbance maxima in the UV/visible range.

The reported fragments were observed in source and verified through MS/MS analysis of the parental ion in both negative and positive mode. Abundance of each fragment is indicated between brackets.

Figure 1. HPLC chromatograms of soluble phenolics from the C. maritimum extract. The profile was recorded at 320 nm. Peak numbers match those of Table 3.

Table 4. Antioxidant activities of the C. maritimum extract.

Parameter	Value
DPPH (IC50, mg/mL)	7.59 ± 0.20^a
BHA (IC50, mg/mL)	0.40 ± 0.01^b
BHT (IC50, mg/mL)	0.72 ± 0.12^b
ABTS (mg Trolox equivalent/ml)	0.43 ± 0.01

Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at p ≤ 0.05 (only applied for the DPPH test).

A lower DPPH IC₅₀ value indicates a higher antioxidant activity.

Table 5. Chemical composition (%) of C. maritimum essential oil extracted by the hydrodistillation method.

N°	Compounds	KIL^a	KIC^b	C. maritimum (%)
1	α-Thujene	931	926	0.49
2	α-Pinene	939	933	0.28
3	Sabinene	976	973	0.65
4	β-Myrcene	991	989	0.61
5	α- Terpinene	1018	1017	0.12
6	ρ-Cymene	1027	1024	12.57
7	ɣ-Terpinene	1061	1058	50.48
8	p-cymenene	-	1090	0.11
9	Thymol methylether	1230	1235	33.65
10	Carvacrol methylether	1246	1244	0.10
	Total			99.06
	Monoterpene hydrocarbons			65.31
	Oxygenated monoterpenes			33.75
	Sesquiterpenes			0.0
	Others			0.0
	Yield % (v/m)			0.12

^aKIL: literature Kovats index.

^bKIC: calculated Kovats index relative to C₅–C₂₈ n-alkanes on the ZB5MS column.

Table 6. Anti-microbial activity of C. maritimum essential oil expressed by the diameter inhibition zones and MIC methods.

Micro-organisms	DD (mm)	MIC (µL/mL)
Bacillus subtilis	6.00 ± 0.00^c	—
Staphylococcus aureus	21.33 ± 0.16^b	0.11^a
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus	24.09 ± 0.08^b	0.11^a
Listeria innucia	23.22 ± 0.06^b	0.11^a
E. coli	21.21 ± 0.16^b	0.11^a
Candida albicans	33.63 ± 0.12^a	0.11^a

DD: agar disc diffusion method.

Diameter of inhibition zone (mm) including diameter paper disc of 6 mm.

MIC: minimum inhibitory concentration.

Values given as µL/mL.

Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at p ≤ 0.05.