Effect of brewing process and sugar content on 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and related substances from Turkish coffee

Figures & data

Table 1. Percent change of HMF, FMC, and FA in traditionally prepared and instant Turkish coffee samples at the end of the brewing process (%).

Samples	HMF	FMC	FA	Samples	HMF	FMC	FA
T1	74.12 ± 6.25^d	27.1 ± 9.79^d	9.22 ± 1.29^c	S1	32.29 ± 1.52^c	20.91 ± 8.01^d	9.89 ± 0.66^c
T2	95.69 ± 4.02^c	65.01 ± 8.7^c	11.96 ± 1.38^c	S2	41.43 ± 3.41^b	43.37 ± 7.53^c	12.27 ± 0.29^b
T3	159.43 ± 4.9^b	92 ± 10.49^b	19.9 ± 1.24^b	S3	50.37 ± 4.29^a	70.11 ± 8.88^b	13.95 ± 0.33^a
T4	224.75 ± 2.79^a	177.2 ± 22.64^a	22.78 ± 1.43^a	S4	55.83 ± 3.03^a	94.69 ± 8.17^a	14.45 ± 0.44^a

Means within the same column with different letters are different at p < 0.05.

Figure 1. Effects of brewing method on HMF, FMC and FA levels of traditionally prepared Turkish coffee samples have different sugar content (n = 6); a–b: means with different letters within brewing process are significantly different (p < 0.05); A-D: means with different letters within sugar contain are significantly different (p < 0.05).

Figure 2. Effects of brewing method on HMF, FMC, and FA levels of instant Turkish coffee samples have different sugar content (n = 6); a–b: means with different letters within brewing process are significantly different (p < 0.05); A–D: means with different letters within sugar contain are significantly different (p < 0.05).

Table 2. Daily intakes of HMF, FMC, and FA in traditionally prepared and instant Turkish coffee samples after brewing process (µg kg⁻¹ bw).

Samples	HMF	FMC	FA	Samples	HMF	FMC	FA
T1	8.14 ± 0.13^c	1.39 ± 0.02^d	39.23 ± 0.18^b	S1	9.36 ± 0.06^c	1.68 ± 0.05^d	34.95 ± 0.12^b
T2	8.55 ± 0.15^c	1.51 ± 0.03^c	38.93 ± 0.06^b	S2	9.61 ± 0.09^b	1.84 ± 0.05^c	35.05 ± 0.11^b
T3	10.82 ± 0.09^b	1.7 ± 0.03^b	42.28 ± 0.28^a	S3	10.01 ± 0.14^a	2.06 ± 0.06^b	35.89 ± 0.12^a
T4	13.54 ± 0.11^a	1.94 ± 0.08^a	42.9 ± 0.13^a	S4	10.25 ± 0.11^a	2.27 ± 0.05^a	35.62 ± 0.1^a

Means within the same column with different letters are different at p < 0.05.