Structural characteristics of camel-bone gelatin by demineralization and extraction

Figures & data

Figure 1. Flow chart for ossein and gelatin preparation from camel bone.

Figure 2. Demineralization kinetic of camel bone using different HCl concentrations.

Figure 3. FT-IR spectra of camel bone and ossein.

Table 1. Elemental composition of camel bone and ossein.

Sample	Minerals (g/100 g of dry solids)
	Carbon	Nitrogen	Oxygen	Calcium	Gold
Camel bone	29.72	27.64	31.27	7.25	4.13
Ossein	41.91	31.78	22.46	0.40	3.44

Figure 4. Morphological analysis of camel bone and ossein.

Figure 5. Three-dimensional plot of optimization of yield (%) for extraction of gelatin from camel ossein as affected by processing factors: (a) temperature and time; (b) pH and time.

Table 2. Optimization result: yield of gelatin from camel skin and bone.

A: Temperature (°C)	B: pH	C: Time (min)	Yield bone gelatin (%)
80	7	0.5	8.54
60	4	0.5	16.36
60	4	2.0	25.33
80	4	2.0	20.49
80	1	0.5	9.46
60	4	2.0	25.33
40	4	2.0	18.90
40	1	3.5	16.23
60	4	2.0	25.33
60	4	3.5	11.39
80	7	3.5	15.02
60	7	2.0	14.32
60	4	2.0	25.33
60	4	2.0	25.33
40	1	0.5	11.45
40	7	3.5	14.00
80	1	3.5	10.81
60	4	2.0	25.33
60	1	2.0	18.47
40	7	0.5	9.54

Table 3. Gelatin yield and optimum conditions for camel skin and bone gelatin extraction.

Parameters		Theoretical optimum value	Experimental optimum values (validation)
Extraction condition	pH	5.26	5.3
	Temperature (°C)	71.87	72
	Time (h)	2.58	2.5
Yield (%)	Camel bone	23.66	21.33