Antibacterial activity and mechanism of the ethanol extracts from Sonchus brachyotus DC.

Figures & data

Table 1. Determination of MIC and MBC values of SBE against selected pathogenic microorganisms.

Bacterial strains	Source	MIC (mg/mL)	MBC (mg/mL)
S. aureus	ATCC25923	50 ± 0.12	–
M. luteus	ATCC 10240	>50	–
E. coli	ATCC25922	25 ± 0.06	25
K. pneumoniae	ATCC 10031	>50	–
S. enterica	ATCC 14028	50 ± 0.01	50
E. cloacae	ATCC 13047	>50	–

(–): >50 mg/mL was not detected. Data are expressed as mean values of three independent experiments.

Figure 1. Accumulation of ROS following treatment with SBE was detected by flow cytometric analysis using H2DCFDA.

Figure 2. Analysis of membrane depolarization in E. coli following treatment with SBE. (A, B) Flow cytometric analysis of membrane depolarization using Mitochondrial Membrane Potential/Annexin V apoptosis kit. (C) Membrane potential was determined by flow cytometric analysis using Rhodamine 123 staining.

Figure 3. Caspase-like response was detected by flow cytometric analysis using FITC-VAS-FMK

Figure 4. PS exposure on the membrane outer leaflet was observed by Annexin V/PI double staining.

Figure 5. Analysis of DNA damage E. coli following treatment with SBE. (A) Flow cytometric analysis of DNA structure using Hoechst 33342/PI double staining. (B) Fluorescent microscopy analysis of DNA fragmentation using TUNEL.