Phenolic acids and flavonoids profiles of extracts from edible wild fruits and their antioxidant properties

Figures & data

Table 1. Antioxidant activity, total phenolics content, and total flavonoids content of the fruits from the wild flora.*

	Sea-buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides)	Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna)	Wild grown European blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L.)	Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas)	Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa)	Dog rose (Rosa canina)	Bird cherry or hackberry (Prunus padus)
Total phenolic content (mg GAE/100 g FW)	343.57 ± 15.18^b	203.01 ± 9.56^a	412.38 ± 18.78^c	184.69 ± 8.86^a	192.60 ± 9.49^a	727.29 ± 30.56^e	634.80 ± 30.77^d
Total flavonoid content (mg QE/100 g FW)	147.98 ± 7.29^e	31.37 ± 1.67^b	55.82 ± 2.65^c	17.27 ± 0.85^a	68.21 ± 3.43^d	33.32 ± 1.48^b	165.55 ± 8.57^f
Antioxidant activity (mmol Trolox/100 g FW)	0.57 ± 0.02^b	0.32 ± 0.01^a	1.04 ± 0.06^c	0.54 ± 0.02^b	0.26 ± 0.01^a	1.64 ± 0.08^d	2.95 ± 0.15^e

^*Values in the same row followed by different superscript lower-case letters are significantly different at p < 0.05. The data represents mean ± SD.

Table 2. Phenolic compounds in fruits from the wild flora (mg/100g FW).*

	Sea-buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides)	Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna)	Wild grown European blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L.)	Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas)	Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa)	Dog rose (Rosa canina)	Bird cherry or hackberry (Prunus padus)
Gallic acid	0.70 ± 0.03^ab	0.82 ± 0.04^b	1.77 ± 0.07^c	3.11 ± 0.16^d	0.40 ± 0.02^a	6.85 ± 0.35^f	5.83 ± 0.29^e
Catechin hydrate	5.36 ± 0.29^f	3.03 ± 0.16^d	2.61 ± 0.13^bc	2.36 ± 0.11^b	3.41 ± 0.18^e	1.21 ± 0.08^a	2.89 ± 0.16^cd
Vanilic acid	0.31 ± 0.01^b	0.14 ± 0.01^a	0.60 ± 0.03^c	0.17 ± 0.01^a	3.14 ± 0.14^f	1.04 ± 0.06^d	1.47 ± 0.08^e
Chlorogenic acid	3.21 ± 0.15^d	1.34 ± 0.06^a	1.70 ± 0.08^b	1.29 ± 0.06^a	2.29 ± 0.11^c	1.60 ± 0.07^b	2.18 ± 0.12^c
Caffeic acid	0.16 ± 0.01^a	0.59 ± 0.02^d	0.83 ± 0.04^e	1.26 ± 0.06^g	0.44 ± 0.02^c	0.23 ± 0.01^b	0.99 ± 0.05^f
Syringic acid	0.99 ± 0.06^d	0.44 ± 0.02^a	0.54 ± 0.02^b	0.81 ± 0.04^c	1.32 ± 0.05^f	1.17 ± 0.03^e	1.12 ± 0.06^e
Epicatechin	4.25 ± 0.23^a	2.89 ± 0.14^a	226.74 ± 10.56^d	2.95 ± 0.17^a	11.56 ± 0.65^b	9.16 ± 0.44^ab	45.67 ± 1.98^c
Coumaric acid	1.10 ± 0.05^b	0.24 ± 0.01^a	0.94 ± 0.05^b	0.49 ± 0.02^a	8.05 ± 0.398^d	0.96 ± 0.05^b	5.55 ± 0.31^c
Ferulic acid	4.17 ± 0.21^d	0.25 ± 0.01^a	6.91 ± 0.33^e	0.21 ± 0.01^a	1.12 ± 0.05^b	0.49 ± 0.02^a	3.87 ± 0.19^c
Sinapic acid	2.02 ± 0.12^c	1.77 ± 0.08^b	3.27 ± 0.15^d	1.35 ± 0.07^a	4.04 ± 0.21^e	1.65 ± 0.07^b	3.11 ± 0.18^d
Salicylic acid	7.54 ± 0.37^c	2.65 ± 0.13^a	18.31 ± 0.77^e	2.88 ± 0.14^a	7.32 ± 0.35^c	3.98 ± 0.18^b	8.88 ± 0.38^d
Rutin	11.09 ± 0.61^e	7.73 ± 0.39^d	12.29 ± 0.62^f	1.65 ± 0.07^a	4.86 ± 0.31^b	4.84 ± 0.23^b	6.77 ± 0.41^c
Elagic acid	15.14 ± 0.71^e	7.56 ± 0.41^d	6.34 ± 0.32^c	2.59 ± 0.12^a	8.00 ± 0.38^d	5.32 ± 0.25^b	7.56 ± 0.42^d
Myricetin	16.63 ± 0.66^e	1.43 ± 0.07^a	2.66 ± 0.13^b	30.54 ± 1.23^f	7.44 ± 0.42^d	1.91 ± 0.09^ab	5.33 ± 0.29^c
Trans-cinnamic acid	0.80 ± 0.03^d	0.19 ± 0.01^b	0.10 ± 0.01^a	0.31 ± 0.01^c	1.17 ± 0.05^f	0.17 ± 0.01^b	0.99 ± 0.05^e
Quercetin	3.54 ± 0.18^a	5.72 ± 0.25^c	6.83 ± 0.34^d	3.36 ± 0.17^a	6.55 ± 0.35^d	4.99 ± 0.31^b	6.88 ± 0.33^d

^*Values in the same row followed by different superscript lower-case letters are significantly different at p < 0.05. The data represents mean ± SD.

Table 3. Mineral and trace elements content (mg/100 g FW) in fruits from the wild flora.*

	Sea-buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides)	Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna)	Wild grown European blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L.)	Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas)	Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa)	Dog rose (Rosa canina)	Bird cherry or hackberry (Prunus padus)
Ca	109.76 ± 5.89^f	5.91 ± 0.46^a	18.94 ± 0.88^b	28.33 ± 1.56^c	32.20 ± 1.76^cd	102.13 ± 6.11^e	35.73 ± 1.81^d
Mg	45.64 ± 2.43^d	12.87 ± 0.71^a	25.72 ± 1.31^c	18.50 ± 0.88^b	11.83 ± 0.57^a	59.11 ± 2.99^e	24.88 ± 1.10^c
Na	1.83 ± 0.11^d	5.37 ± 0.26^e	0.58 ± 0.04^b	1.12 ± 0.06^c	0.48 ± 0.03^ab	0.41 ± 0.03^ab	0.32 ± 0.02^a
Fe	3.28 ± 0.17^e	1.07 ± 0.06^bc	0.69 ± 0.04^a	0.95 ± 0.04^bc	1.11 ± 0.05^c	2.49 ± 0.13^d	0.93 ± 0.05^b
Mn	0.28 ± 0.01^d	0.17 ± 0.01^b	0.25 ± 0.02^c	0.15 ± 0.01^b	0.05 ± 0.00^a	0.59 ± 0.03^e	0.26 ± 0.01^cd
Cu	0.33 ± 0.02^e	0.14 ± 0.01^c	0.08 ± 0.01^a	0.09 ± 0.00^ab	0.10 ± 0.00^b	0.20 ± 0.01^d	0.13 ± 0.01^c
Cr	0.07 ± 0.01^c	0.13 ± 0.01^f	0.05 ± 0.01^b	0.10 ± 0.01^e	0.08 ± 0.00^d	0.09 ± 0.01^d	0.02 ± 0.00^a
Zn	0.39 ± 0.02^e	0.16 ± 0.01^c	0.13 ± 0.01^b	0.13 ± 0.01^b	0.08 ± 0.01^a	0.22 ± 0.01^d	0.14 ± 0.01^bc
B	0.63 ± 0.04^e	0.18 ± 0.01^c	nd^a	0.47 ± 0.02^d	nd^a	0.08 ± 0.01^b	0.43 ± 0.02^d

*Values in the same row followed by different superscript lower-case letters are significantly different at p < 0.05. The data represents mean ± SD.