Phenolic profiles and cellular antioxidant activity of longan pulp of 24 representative Chinese cultivars

Figures & data

Figure 1. Hierarchical clustering analysis dendrogram of 24 longan cultivars based on their phenolic profiles and cellular antioxidant activity.

Table 1. Total phenolic contents of 24 longan cultivars and percentage contribution of free and bound fractions to the total.

	Phenolics (mg GAE/100 g FW)
Cultivar	Free	Bound	Total
Zaobailu	109.17 ± 4.93 m (82.41)	23.30 ± 0.21 h (17.59)	132.47 ± 4.90 p
Youtanben	89.83 ± 4.08 l (83.80)	17.37 ± 0.08 e (16.20)	107.20 ± 4.09 lm
Yingchike	24.39 ± 1.96 b (86.93)	3.67 ± 0.28 a (13.07)	28.06 ± 1.73 b
Wulongling	103.11 ± 0.16 m (83.82)	19.90 ± 0.85 fg (16.18)	123.01 ± 0.77 o
Tuobeimu	52.23 ± 0.41 f (83.79)	10.10 ± 0.92 c (16.21)	62.33 ± 1.15 f
Shuizhang	16.89 ± 0.95 a (76.45)	5.20 ± 1.54 ab (23.55)	22.09 ± 2.12 a
Shuguan	69.13 ± 0.47 hi (82.40)	14.77 ± 0.14 d (17.60)	83.90 ± 0.58 i
Shixia	87.12 ± 0.68 l (82.38)	18.63 ± 0.11 f (17.62)	105.75 ± 0.78 l
Shalirou	33.43 ± 2.45 c (82.63)	7.03 ± 0.23 b (17.37)	40.46 ± 2.39 d
Shalimu	64.34 ± 0.68 g (81.74)	14.37 ± 1.68 d (18.26)	78.71 ± 1.02 h
Pumingan	70.58 ± 0.68 i (81.99)	15.51 ± 0.33 de (18.01)	86.08 ± 0.49 j
Luosanmu	86.66 ± 0.31 l (83.10)	17.62 ± 0.49 ef (16.90)	104.29 ± 0.78 l
Longyou	50.60 ± 0.56 f (82.64)	10.63 ± 0.42 c (17.36)	61.23 ± 0.98 f
Julong	39.66 ± 2.04 d (82.39)	8.48 ± 0.55 bc (17.61)	48.14 ± 2.29 e
Jiluanyan	41.38 ± 2.97 de (82.43)	8.82 ± 0.17 bc (17.57)	50.20 ± 3.01 e
Hualuguangyan	20.77 ± 2.61 ab (82.44)	4.43 ± 0.41 a (17.56)	25.20 ± 2.44 ab
Houxiangben	44.55 ± 1.34 e (85.59)	7.50 ± 0.55 b (14.41)	52.04 ± 1.03 e
Houbipu	96.52 ± 0.47 l (82.42)	20.59 ± 0.03 g (17.58)	117.10 ± 0.44 n
Honghe	77.17 ± 1.54 j (82.32)	16.57 ± 0.36 e (17.68)	93.75 ± 1.80 k
Gongmaben	67.05 ± 0.56 h (82.15)	14.57 ± 0.68 d (17.85)	81.62 ± 1.11 hi
Fuyan	78.08 ± 0.54 j (82.43)	16.65 ± 0.75 e (17.57)	94.72 ± 0.57 k
Dongbi	83.23 ± 0.98 k (76.80)	25.14 ± 0.49 i (23.20)	108.37 ± 0.75 m
Cihezhong	26.47 ± 0.41 b (82.40)	5.66 ± 1.13 ab (17.60)	32.12 ± 0.85 c
Chuliang	62.53 ± 0.87 g (84.58)	11.40 ± 0.11 c (15.42)	73.94 ± 0.81 g

Values with no letters in common in each column are significantly different (p < 0.05), n = 3.

Values in parentheses indicate percentage contribution to the total phenolics.

GAE: gallic acid equivalent; FW: fresh weight.

Table 2. Total flavonoid contents of 24 longan cultivars and percentage contribution of free and bound fractions to the total.

	Flavonoids (mg CE/100 g FW)
Cultivar	Free	Bound	Total
Zaobailu	13.40 ± 0.54 g (93.97)	0.86 ± 0.02d (6.03)	14.26 ± 0.51 h
Youtanben	9.67 ± 0.21 ef (94.43)	0.57 ± 0.04 c (5.57)	10.24 ± 0.19 fg
Yingchike	2.26 ± 0.13 a (91.13)	0.22 ± 0.11 a (8.87)	2.48 ± 0.20 a
Wulongling	10.37 ± 0.65 f (94.03)	0.66 ± 0.29 c (5.97)	11.03 ± 0.76 g
Tuobeimu	4.95 ± 0.21 c (94.46)	0.29 ± 0.08 b (5.54)	5.24 ± 0.26 c
Shuizhang	9.09 ± 1.14 ef (93.50)	0.63 ± 0.23 c (6.50)	9.72 ± 0.95 efg
Shuguan	6.48 ± 0.20 de (94.32)	0.38 ± 0.08 b (5.68)	6.87 ± 0.24 de
Shixia	9.47 ± 0.87 ef (93.86)	0.61 ± 0.07 c (6.14)	10.09 ± 0.58 efg
Shalirou	3.14 ± 0.31 b (94.86)	0.18 ± 0.04 a (5.14)	3.31 ± 0.33 ab
Shalimu	6.02 ± 0.89 d (94.36)	0.35 ± 0.02 ab (5.64)	6.38 ± 0.79 de
Pumingan	6.66 ± 1.20 de (94.44)	0.39 ± 0.04 b (5.56)	7.05 ± 1.16 de
Luosanmu	8.66 ± 1.26 ef (94.59)	0.49 ± 0.17 bc (5.41)	9.15 ± 1.38 ef
Longyou	4.55 ± 0.54 c (94.77)	0.25 ± 0.19 ab (5.23)	4.80 ± 0.39 bc
Julong	3.73 ± 0.13 bc (94.43)	0.22 ± 0.02 a (5.57)	3.95 ± 0.14 b
Jiluanyan	3.86 ± 0.53 bc (96.26)	0.14 ± 0.07 a (3.74)	4.01 ± 0.57 b
Hualuguangyan	2.47 ± 0.12 a (95.00)	0.14 ± 0.08 a (5.00)	2.60 ± 0.14 a
Houxiangben	4.19 ± 0.60 bc (95.02)	0.22 ± 0.01 a (4.98)	4.41 ± 0.60 bc
Houbipu	10.72 ± 0.17 f (94.57)	0.62 ± 0.03 c (5.43)	11.34 ± 0.19 g
Honghe	7.27 ± 0.86 de (89.86)	0.81 ± 0.10 d (10.14)	8.09 ± 0.88 e
Gongmaben	6.33 ± 0.29 de (94.48)	0.36 ± 0.08 ab (5.52)	6.70 ± 0.34 de
Fuyan	7.99 ± 0.25 de (92.34)	0.66 ± 0.01 c (7.66)	8.65 ± 0.25 e
Dongbi	8.40 ± 0.25 e (94.48)	0.49 ± 0.02 bc (5.52)	8.89 ± 0.27 e
Cihezhong	2.66 ± 0.11 ab (94.66)	0.15 ± 0.01 a (5.34)	2.81 ± 0.10 a
Chuliang	5.89 ± 0.04 d (94.41)	0.35 ± 0.10 ab (5.59)	6.24 ± 0.06 d

Values with no letters in common in each column are significantly different (p < 0.05), n = 3.

Values in parentheses indicate percentage contribution to the total flavonoids.

CE: catechin equivalent; FW: fresh weight.

Table 3. Phenolic compositions of 24 longan cultivars (μg/100 g).

Phenolics	Cultivar	Free	Bound	Total
Gallic acid	Zaobailu	230.30 ± 23.45 g (100)	nd	230.30 ± 23.45 g
	Youtanben	114.09 ± 4.75 c (100)	nd	114.09 ± 4.75 c
	Yingchike	98.44 ± 2.02 b (100)	nd	98.44 ± 2.02 b
	Wulongling	117.05 ± 3.53 cd (100)	nd	117.05 ± 3.53 cd
	Tuobeimu	123.67 ± 6.92 cd (100)	nd	123.67 ± 6.92 cd
	Shuizhang	104.89 ± 3.40 c (100)	nd	104.89 ± 3.340 c
	Shuguan	194.93 ± 4.09 f (100)	nd	194.93 ± 4.09 f
	Shixia	120.72 ± 2.08 cd (100)	nd	120.72 ± 2.08 cd
	Shalirou	106.93 ± 6.36 c (100)	nd	106.93 ± 6.36 c
	Shalimu	106.19 ± 6.09 c (100)	nd	106.19 ± 6.09 c
	Pumingan	143.76 ± 4.86 e (100)	nd	143.76 ± 4.86 e
	Luosanmu	194.97 ± 8.54 f (100)	nd	194.97 ± 8.54 f
	Longyou	127.05 ± 2.38 d (100)	nd	127.05 ± 2.38 d
	Julong	136.44 ± 10.90 de (100)	nd	136.44 ± 10.90 de
	Jiluanyan	114.44 ± 2.63 c (100)	nd	114.44 ± 2.63 c
	Hualuguangyan	126.54 ± 11.07 d (100)	nd	126.54 ± 11.07 d
	Houxiangben	103.44 ± 11.25 bc (100)	nd	103.44 ± 11.25 bc
	Houbipu	139.73 ± 3.16 de (100)	nd	139.73 ± 3.16 de
	Honghe	27.90 ± 2.67 a (100)	nd	27.90 ± 2.67 a
	Gongmaben	210.23 ± 13.10 fg (100)	nd	210.23 ± 13.10 fg
	Fuyan	122.46 ± 7.60 cd (100)	nd	122.46 ± 7.60 cd
	Dongbi	113.47 ± 9.49 c (100)	nd	113.47 ± 9.48 c
	Cihezhong	98.14 ± 1.34 b (100)	nd	98.14 ± 1.34 b
	Chuliang	183.32 ± 15.13 f (100)	nd	183.32 ± 15.13 f
Chlorogenic acid	Zaobailu	nd	139.70 ± 11.06 f (100)	139.70 ± 11.06 f
	Youtanben	nd	146.68 ± 9.84 f (100)	146.68 ± 9.84 f
	Yingchike	nd	107.78 ± 7.67 e (100)	107.78 ± 7.67 e
	Wulongling	nd	197.16 ± 3.23 g (100)	197.16 ± 3.23 g
	Tuobeimu	nd	212.11 ± 23.60 gh (100)	212.11 ± 23.60 gh
	Shuizhang	nd	27.99 ± 2.91 a (100)	27.99 ± 2.91 a
	Shuguan	nd	202.58 ± 32.24 g (100)	202.58 ± 32.24 g
	Shixia	nd	352.66 ± 24.62 i (100)	352.66 ± 24.62 i
	Shalirou	nd	257.76 ± 14.11 h (100)	257.76 ± 14.11 h
	Shalimu	nd	141.25 ± 16.40 f (100)	141.25 ± 16.40 f
	Pumingan	nd	95.71 ± 5.74 e (100)	95.71 ± 5.74 e
	Luosanmu	nd	115.17 ± 24.68 ef (100)	115.17 ± 24.68 ef
	Longyou	nd	134.61 ± 7.61 f (100)	134.61 ± 7.61f
	Julong	nd	49.49 ± 1.00 c (100)	49.49 ± 1.00 c
	Jiluanyan	nd	67.56 ± 9.25 d (100)	67.56 ± 9.25 d
	Hualuguangyan	nd	57.00 ± 1.09 d (100)	57.00 ± 1.09 d
	Houxiangben	nd	139.41 ± 27.89 f (100)	139.41 ± 27.89 f
	Houbipu	nd	130.05 ± 16.64 f (100)	130.05 ± 16.64 f
	Honghe	nd	41.81 ± 4.08 b (100)	41.81 ± 4.08 b
	Gongmaben	nd	36.32 ± 1.73 b (100)	36.32 ± 1.73 b
	Fuyan	nd	136.89 ± 3.34 f (100)	136.89 ± 3.34 f
	Dongbi	nd	97.79 ± 11.65 e (100)	97.79 ± 11.65 e
	Cihezhong	nd	200.39 ± 27.62 g (100)	200.39 ± 27.62 g
	Chuliang	nd	492.79 ± 33.76 j (100)	492.79 ± 33.76 j
Vanillic acid	Zaobailu	347.55 ± 14.12 l (84.4)	64.42 ± 1.64 f (15.6)	411.97 ± 14.83 k
	Youtanben	113.56 ± 2.61 h (54)	96.72 ± 5.58 h (46)	210.28 ± 7.91 g
	Yingchike	110.77 ± 37.76 h (59.1)	76.71 ± 8.02 fg (39.9)	187.48 ± 35.63 g
	Wulongling	20.83 ± 4.33 b (21.0)	78.15 ± 1.24 g (79.0)	98.97 ± 5.64 de
	Tuobeimu	82.22 ± 2.15 g (60.3)	54.21 ± 1.18 ef (39.7)	136.42 ± 3.17 f
	Shuizhang	42.36 ± 1.56 cd (68.1)	18.80 ± 1.41 bc (31.9)	62.16 ± 3.04 b
	Shuguan	64.41 ± 3.06 f (67.2)	31.44 ± 2.19 cd (32.8)	95.85 ± 5.33 d
	Shixia	108.74 ± 5.32 h (69.6)	47.51 ± 6.77 de (30.4)	156.25 ± 11.49 fg
	Shalirou	45.32 ± 0.52 cd (57.6)	32.34 ± 2.22 cd (42.4)	78.66 ± 3.01 cd
	Shalimu	35.37 ± 8.14 c (22.3)	122.90 ± 3.43 i (77.7)	158.27 ± 10.87 fg
	Pumingan	16.35 ± 1.52 b (56.4)	12.63 ± 0.04 a (43.6)	28.98 ± 1.77 a
	Luosanmu	132.89 ± 7.04 i (55.2)	107.74 ± 18.33 hi (44.8)	240.63 ± 22.61 h
	Longyou	101.90 ± 8.16 h (64.3)	56.47 ± 14.19 ef (35.7)	158.37 ± 20.97f g
	Julong	56.74 ± 2.35 e (64.3)	31.45 ± 8.95 cd (35.7)	88.19 ± 7.82 d
	Jiluanyan	46.25 ± 3.89 cd (61.0)	29.55 ± 6.18 c (39.0)	75.80 ± 10.28 bc
	Hualuguangyan	15.49 ± 1.59 b (24.6)	47.51 ± 1.56 d (75.4)	63.00 ± 15..96 b
	Houxiangben	49.28 ± 8.63 cde (53.7)	42.51 ± 9.30 d (46.3)	91.78 ± 15.91 d
	Houbipu	35.38 ± 4.24 c (52.1)	32.58 ± 3.87 cd (47.9)	67.96 ± 7.821 b
	Honghe	101.75 ± 9.58 h (87.4)	14.64 ± 1.05 b (12.6)	116.38 ± 10.00 e
	Gongmaben	285.35 ± 6.56 k (94.6)	16.39 ± 1.50 b (5.4)	301.74 ± 9.31 i
	Fuyan	42.11 ± 8.17 cd (30.5)	95.72 ± 2.06 h(69.5)	137.83 ± 11.27 f
	Dongbi	254.45 ± 3.96 j (74.0)	89.52 ± 2.28 h (26.0)	343.97 ± 6.01 j
	Cihezhong	41.55 ± 2.37 cd (62.7)	24.71 ± 5.18 c (37.3)	66.26 ± 7.74 b
	Chuliang	10.48 ± 1.63 a (16.4)	53.55 ± 1.34 ef (83.6)	64.03 ± 2.68 b
Caffeic acid	Zaobailu	nd	nd	nd
	Youtanben	4.82 ± 0.20 ab (53.3)	4.23 ± 0.30 b (46.7)	9.05 ± 0.43 b
	Yingchike	nd	nd	nd
	Wulongling	9.84 ± 2.67 c (100)	nd	9.84 ± 2.67 b
	Tuobeimu	26.72 ± 4.47 d (87.1)	3.94 ± 1.13 ab (12.9)	30.66 ± 5.47 d
	Shuizhang	nd	nd	nd
	Shuguan	nd	nd	nd
	Shixia	18.50 ± 1.1.01 d (93.5)	1.28 ± 0.96 a (6.5)	19.78 ± 1..90 c
	Shalirou	nd	nd	nd
	Shalimu	9.57 ± 0.42 c (47.1)	10.74 ± 2.28 d (52.9)	20.31 ± 2.48 c
	Pumingan	59.782 ± 7.87 f (100)	nd	59.78 ± 7.87 ef
	Luosanmu	nd	nd	nd
	Longyou	22.25 ± 2.83 d (100)	nd	22.25 ± 2.83 cd
	Julong	74.08 ± 1.28 fg (100)	nd	74.08 ± 1.28 f
	Jiluanyan	84.34 ± 2.58 j (100)	nd	84.34 ± 2.58 g
	Hualuguangyan	46.53 ± 6.45 e (87.8)	6.45 ± 0.25 c (12.2)	52.98 ± 6.37 e
	Houxiangben	11.34 ± 1.71 c (48.4)	12.08 ± 1.36 d (51.6)	23.42 ± 3.11 cd
	Houbipu	2.99 ± 0.55 a (100)	nd	2.99 ± 0.55 a
	Honghe	nd	19.48 ± 1.97 e (100)	19.48 ± 1.97 c
	Gongmaben	58.09 ± 4.26 f (100)	nd	58.09 ± 4.26 ef
	Fuyan	nd	nd	nd
	Dongbi	48.27 ± 4.47 e (94.7)	2.67 ± 0.13 ab (5.3)	50.95 ± 4.36 e
	Cihezhong	51.60 ± 7.97 ef (100)	nd	51.60 ± 7.97 e
	Chuliang	nd	nd	nd
Syringic acid	Zaobailu	49.56 ± 1.51 h (94.8)	2.75 ± 0.96 b (5.2)	52.30 ± 2.63 fg
	Youtanben	7.19 ± 1.85 c (100)	nd	7.19 ± 1.85 b
	Yingchike	46.83 ± 1.43 gh (84.2)	8.76 ± 2.85 d (15.8)	55.59 ± 3.47 fg
	Wulongling	58.37 ± 5.41 i (100)	nd	58.37 ± 5.41 fg
	Tuobeimu	30.75 ± 7.19 g (96.7)	1.05 ± 0.13 b (3.3)	31.80 ± 7.21 e
	Shuizhang	13.23 ± 1.48 d (100)	nd	13.23 ± 1.48 c
	Shuguan	3.45 ± 0.07 a (100)	nd	3.45 ± 0.07 a
	Shixia	9.76 ± 1.08 c (100)	nd	9.76 ± 1.08 b
	Shalirou	4.99 ± 0.36 b (61.5)	3.13 ± 1.84 bc (38.5)	8.12 ± 2.04 b
	Shalimu	42.923 ± 9.74 gh (92.2)	3.63 ± 0.24 c (7.8)	46.55 ± 9.87 ef
	Pumingan	21.55 ± 2.36 e (100)	nd	21.55 ± 2.36 d
	Luosanmu	54.06 ± 3.60 hi (100)	nd	54.06 ± 3.60 fg
	Longyou	14.55 ± 1.72 d (100)	nd	14.55 ± 1.72 c
	Julong	29.04 ± 1.62 fg (97.5)	0.75 ± 0.03 a (2.5)	29.79 ± 1.66 e
	Jiluanyan	249.33 ± 10.90 k(100)	nd	249.33 ± 10.90 i
	Hualuguangyan	134.43 ± 8.24 j (100)	nd	134.43 ± 8.24 h
	Houxiangben	41.65 ± 5.94 g (96.8)	1.39 ± 0.35 b (3.2)	43.04 ± 6.21 e
	Houbipu	3.49 ± 0.3 a (100)	nd	3.49 ± 0.30 a
	Honghe	nd	8.56 ± 1.42 d (100)	8.56 ± 1.42 b
	Gongmaben	68.83 ± 7.64 i (100)	nd	68.83 ± 7.64 g
	Fuyan	133.40 ± 4.86 j (99.6)	0.60 ± 0.17 a (0.4)	134.00 ± 5.02 h
	Dongbi	42.69 ± 7.35 g (100)	nd	42.69 ± 7.35 e
	Cihezhong	nd	nd	nd
	Chuliang	nd	nd	nd
Epicatechin	Zaobailu	1819.57 ± 18.11 k (97.6)	44.66 ± 2.66 e (2.4)	1864.23 ± 16.68 j
	Youtanben	607.81 ± 57.98 g (96.3)	23.48 ± 2.19 b (3.7)	631.29 ± 59.02 g
	Yingchike	354.08 ± 27.71 e (80.0)	88.51 ± 3.91 h (20.0)	442.58 ± 32.01 f
	Wulongling	1301.35 ± 17.23 j (94.5)	76.02 ± 1.25 g (5.5)	1377.37 ± 18.15 i
	Tuobeimu	416.01 ± 13.20 f (86.7)	63.78 ± 8.93 fg (13.3)	479.78 ± 18.16 f
	Shuizhang	256.66 ± 5.35 c (93.2)	18.66 ± 6.72 a (6.8)	275.32 ± 43.92 bc
	Shuguan	146.41 ± 4.02 a (83.1)	29.71 ± 2.66 c (16.9)	176.12 ± 20.77 a
	Shixia	1060.16 ± 37.21 i (94.4)	62.56 ± 2.85 f (5.6)	1122.73 ± 38.21 h
	Shalirou	621.59 ± 44.90 g (95.1)	31.72 ± 2.98 c (4.9)	653.31 ± 45.78 g
	Shalimu	274.90 ± 15.03 c (87.2)	40.31 ± 6.85 cde (12.8)	315.21 ± 19.96 c
	Pumingan	323.74 ± 4.21 e (88.4)	42.66 ± 2.52 e (11.6)	366.40 ± 7.42 e
	Luosanmu	250.33 ± 24.23 c (84.2)	47.03 ± 2.86 e (15.8)	297.36 ± 26.20 c
	Longyou	458.18 ± 39.65 f (93.3)	32.72 ± 4.88 c (6.7)	490.89 ± 40.56 f
	Julong	548.80 ± 23.81 g (94.0)	35.16 ± 2.45 c (6.0)	583.40 ± 24.81 g
	Jiluanyan	610.84 ± 93.75 g (94.0)	39.14 ± 8.14 cd (6.0)	649.98 ± 41.89 g
	Hualuguangyan	452.96 ± 32.25 f(95.1)	23.10 ± 3.82 b (4.9)	476.06 ± 37.10 f
	Houxiangben	277.48 ± 2.68c (90.0)	30.70 ± 4.99 c (10.0)	308.18 ± 7.65 c
	Houbipu	966.99 ± 25.91 h (95.8)	42.84 ± 2.67 e (4.2)	1039.84 ± 34.720 h
	Honghe	264.85 ± 2.67 c (61.4)	166.58 ± 33.31 i (38.6)	431.43 ± 34.51 f
	Gongmaben	304.30 ± 5.37 d (86.9)	45.99 ± 2.37 e (13.1)	350.28 ± 6.09 de
	Fuyan	297.94 ± 23.37 d (92.9)	22.64 ± 3.19 ab (7.1)	320.58 ± 24.46 cd
	Dongbi	629.92 ± 65.56 g (94.0)	40.31 ± 3.26 cde (6.0)	670.23 ± 67.84 g
	Cihezhong	195.12 ± 26.43 b (85.9)	31.98 ± 4.66 c (14.1)	227.10 ± 29.07 b
	Chuliang	291.80 ± 16.67 cd (94.4)	17.36 ± 5.66 a (5.6)	309.17 ± 23.74 c
4-methylcatechol	Zaobailu	65.06 ± 5.57 b (100)	nd	65.06 ± 5.57 d
	Youtanben	nd	25.26 ± 1.31 c (100)	25.26 ± 1.31 b
	Yingchike	152.03 ± 27.14 c (91.5)	14.21 ± 1.02 a (8.5)	166.24 ± 29.05 f
	Wulongling	nd	nd	nd
	Tuobeimu	399.55 ± 33.99 f (96.0)	16.83 ± 2.03 b (4.0)	416.38 ± 37.42 i
	Shuizhang	nd	nd	nd
	Shuguan	81.02 ± 1.55 b (69.2)	36.07 ± 8.55 cd (30.8)	117.09 ± 11.24 e
	Shixia	nd	25.48 ± 1.76 c (100)	25.48 ± 1.76 b
	Shalirou	nd	nd	nd
	Shalimu	nd	37.71 ± 5.73 d (100)	37.71 ± 5.73 c
	Pumingan	56.80 ± 5.85 ab (100)	nd	56.80 ± 5.85 d
	Luosanmu	nd	39.17 ± 9.71 d (100)	39.17 ± 9.71 cd
	Longyou	55.47 ± 2.37 a (100)	nd	55.47 ± 2.37 d
	Julong	nd	16.40 ± 1.62 ab (100)	16.40 ± 1.62 a
	Jiluanyan	73.62 ± 10.61 b (100)	nd	73.62 ± 10.61 d
	Hualuguangyan	266.52 ± 13.03 d (94.8)	14.48 ± 1.31 ab (5.2)	281.01 ± 15.85 h
	Houxiangben	266.57 ± 18.46 d (95.1)	13.79 ± 2.50 a (4.9)	280.37 ± 21.30 h
	Houbipu	241.57 ± 22.22 d (100)	nd	241.57 ± 22.22 gh
	Honghe	nd	14.35 ± 3.27 a (100)	14.35 ± 3.27 a
	Gongmaben	561.12 ± 19.88 g (100)	nd	561.12 ± 19.88 j
	Fuyan	311.40 ± 16.04 e (88.9)	39.01 ± 7.39 d (11.1)	350.40 ± 21.53 hi
	Dongbi	nd	nd	nd
	Cihezhong	192.43 ± 20.98 c (88.1)	25.92 ± 2.80 c (11.9)	218.35 ± 24.18 fg
	Chuliang	nd	nd	nd
Ferulic acid	Zaobailu	88.72 ± 7.23 g (100)	nd	88.72 ± 7.23 g
	Youtanben	31.04 ± 9.22 ef (100)	nd	31.04 ± 9.22 ef
	Yingchike	1.92 ± 0.08 a (100)	nd	1.92 ± 0.08 a
	Wulongling	5.68 ± 0.56 b (100)	nd	5.68 ± 0.56 b
	Tuobeimu	75.98 ± 3.97 g (100)	nd	75.98 ± 3.97 g
	Shuizhang	13.33 ± 1.66 cd (100)	nd	13.33 ± 1.66 cd
	Shuguan	7.70 ± 2.16 bc (100)	nd	7.70 ± 2.16 bc
	Shixia	64.54 ± 9.14 fg (100)	nd	64.54 ± 9.14 fg
	Shalirou	22.73 ± 3.25 de (100)	nd	22.73 ± 3.25 de
	Shalimu	28.41 ± 4.18 e (100)	nd	28.41 ± 4.18 e
	Pumingan	26.20 ± 5.03 e (100)	nd	26.20 ± 5.03 e
	Luosanmu	10.34 ± 2.91 c (100)	nd	10.34 ± 2.91 c
	Longyou	7.99 ± 2.09 bc (100)	nd	7.99 ± 2.09 bc
	Julong	79.99 ± 4.09 g (100)	nd	79.99 ± 4.09 fg
	Jiluanyan	15.66 ± 6.79 cd (100)	nd	15.66 ± 6.79 cd
	Hualuguangyan	63.99 ± 24.62 fg (100)	nd	63.99 ± 24.62 fg
	Houxiangben	7.78 ± 3.36 bc (100)	nd	7.78 ± 3.36 bc
	Houbipu	2.20 ± 0.19 a (100)	nd	2.20 ± 0.19 a
	Honghe	25.34 ± 6.86 e (100)	nd	25.34 ± 6.86 e
	Gongmaben	14.36 ± 4.40 cd (100)	nd	14.36 ± 4.40 cd
	Fuyan	12.62 ± 2.09 cd (100)	nd	12.62 ± 2.09 cd
	Dongbi	6.45 ± 0.26 bc (100)	nd	6.45 ± 0.26 bc
	Cihezhong	23.12 ± 5.89 de (100)	nd	23.12 ± 5.89 de
	Chuliang	54.86 ± 5.24 f (100)	nd	54.86 ± 5.24 f
Coumarin	Zaobailu	nd	118.16 ± 26.59 h (100)	118.16 ± 26.59 h
	Youtanben	nd	17.12 ± 0.26 bc (100)	17.12 ± 0.26 bc
	Yingchike	nd	38.26 ± 1.27 e (100)	38.26 ± 1.27 e
	Wulongling	nd	87.44 ± 2.60 g (100)	87.44 ± 2.60 g
	Tuobeimu	nd	27.89 ± 3.83 de (100)	27.89 ± 3.83 de
	Shuizhang	nd	12.41 ± 0.21 a (100)	12.41 ± 0.21 a
	Shuguan	nd	16.11 ± 0.90 b (100)	16.11 ± 0.90 b
	Shixia	nd	10.65 ± 2.55 a (100)	10.65 ± 2.55 a
	Shalirou	nd	10.95 ± 1.32 a (100)	10.95 ± 1.32 a
	Shalimu	nd	28.28 ± 4.01 de (100)	28.28 ± 4.01 de
	Pumingan	nd	24.2 ± 1.91 cd (100)	24.21 ± 1.91 cd
	Luosanmu	nd	17.39 ± 1.81 bc (100)	17.39 ± 1.81 bc
	Longyou	nd	18.99 ± 6.78 bc (100)	18.99 ± 6.78 bc
	Julong	nd	14.41 ± 3.22 ab (100)	14.41 ± 3.22 ab
	Jiluanyan	nd	13.04 ± 1.38 ab (100)	13.04 ± 1.38 ab
	Hualuguangyan	nd	22.73 ± 3.25 cd (100)	22.73 ± 3.25 cd
	Houxiangben	nd	20.57 ± 2.84 cd (100)	20.57 ± 2.84 cd
	Houbipu	nd	14.28 ± 0.46 ab (100)	14.28 ± 0.46 ab
	Honghe	nd	35.95 ± 3.58 e (100)	35.95 ± 3.58 e
	Gongmaben	nd	nd	nd
	Fuyan	nd	24.83 ± 1.23 d (100)	24.83 ± 1.23 d
	Dongbi	nd	17.04 ± 1.80 bc (100)	17.04 ± 1.80 bc
	Cihezhong	nd	11.13 ± 1.01 a (100)	11.13 ± 1.01 a
	Chuliang	nd	75.98 ± 3.97 f (100)	75.98 ± 3.97 f
Quercetin	Zaobailu	219.40 ± 15.68 h (100)	nd	219.40 ± 15.68 h
	Youtanben	37.42 ± 4.25 f (49.0)	38.92 ± 8.26 cd (51.0)	76.34 ± 10.31 g
	Yingchike	nd	nd	nd
	Wulongling	19.61 ± 2.52 c (100)	nd	19.61 ± 2.52 c
	Tuobeimu	74.35 ± 3.41 g (100)	nd	74.35 ± 3.41 g
	Shuizhang	28.02 ± 4.13 de (100)	nd	28.02 ± 4.13 def
	Shuguan	nd	nd	nd
	Shixia	nd	nd	nd
	Shalirou	nd	nd	nd
	Shalimu	25.30 ± 2.98 d (35.4)	46.11 ± 2.54 d (64.6)	71.41 ± 5.37 g
	Pumingan	2.93 ± 0.64 a (100)	nd	2.93 ± 0.64 a
	Luosanmu	33.02 ± 1.08 ef (100)	nd	33.02 ± 1.08 f
	Longyou	nd	23.12 ± 4.35 b (100)	23.12 ± 4.35 cd
	Julong	23.46 ± 1.44 d (100)	nd	23.46 ± 1.44 d
	Jiluanyan	25.57 ± 2.05 d (100)	nd	25.57 ± 2.05 de
	Hualuguangyan	3.68 ± 0.47 a (100)	nd	3.68 ± 0.47 a
	Houxiangben	nd	33.04 ± 3.18 c (100)	33.04 ± 3.18 e
	Houbipu	nd	nd	nd
	Honghe	68.29 ± 6.37 g (91.6)	6.24 ± 1.17 a(8.4)	74.53 ± 9.02 g
	Gongmaben	nd	nd	nd
	Fuyan	39.57 ± 3.85 f (53.0)	35.04 ± 5.13 c (47.0)	74.61 ± 8.23 g
	Dongbi	nd	31.14 ± 4.66 c (100)	31.14 ± 4.66 ef
	Cihezhong	nd	nd	nd
	Chuliang	10.36 ± 2.34 b (100)	nd	10.36 ± 2.34 b

ND: not detected.

Values with no letters in common in each column are significantly different (p < 0.05), n = 3.

Values in parentheses indicate percentage contribution to the total contents of individual phenolics.

Table 4. Cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) and antioxidant quality of 24 longan cultivars.

Cultivar	CAA (µmol QE/100g)	CAA (µmol QE/100µmol total phenolics)
Zaobailu	5.51 ± 0.49g	0.86 ± 0.08d
Youtanben	2.09 ± 0.17d	0.4 ± 0.03ab
Yingchike	0.6 ± 0.05a	0.42 ± 0.03ab
Wulongling	6.71 ± 0.68h	1.1 ± 0.11de
Tuobeimu	3.43 ± 0.32e	1.12 ± 0.1de
Shuizhang	0.49 ± 0.34a	0.49 ± 0.06bc
Shuguan	1.44 ± 0.11c	0.35 ± 0.03a
Shixia	4.62 ± 0.4f	0.9 ± 0.10d
Shalirou	1.75 ± 0.17cd	0.89 ± 0.09d
Shalimu	2.46 ± 0.2d	0.65 ± 0.05c
Pumingan	3.37 ± 0.34e	0.81 ± 0.08d
Luosanmu	3.45 ± 0.31e	0.68 ± 0.06cd
Longyou	3.08 ± 0.27e	1.03 ± 0.09de
Julong	1.91 ± 0.16d	0.82 ± 0.07d
Jiluanyan	1.77 ± 0.15cd	0.73 ± 0.06cd
Hualuguangyan	0.81 ± 0.07b	0.67 ± 0.06cd
Houxiangben	3.17 ± 0.28e	1.21 ± 0.07e
Houbipu	4.47 ± 0.36f	0.79 ± 0.06d
Honghe	3.75 ± 0.26ef	0.83 ± 0.06d
Gongmaben	1.86 ± 0.19d	0.47 ± 0.05bc
Fuyan	2.84 ± 0.27de	0.62 ± 0.06c
Dongbi	3.9 ± 0.4ef	0.8 ± 0.08d
Cihezhong	0.67 ± 0.06a	0.43 ± 0.04ab
Chuliang	2.2 ± 0.2d	0.57 ± 0.05c

Values with no letters in common in each column are significantly different (p < 0.05), n = 3.