Phenolic characterization, antioxidant activities, and inhibitory effects of Physalis angulata and Newbouldia laevis on enzymes linked to erectile dysfunction

Figures & data

Table 1. Phenolic composition of Physalis angulata and Newbouldia laevis leaf extracts (mg/g).

S/N	Compounds	PHY	NBD
1.	Gallic acid	4.63 ± 0.02^b	49.71 ± 0.03^a
2.	Catechin	ND	50.13 ± 0.03^a
3.	Chlorogenic acid	5.19 ± 0.01^c	70.86 ± 0.02^b
4.	Caffeic acid	26.07 ± 0.03^d	146.08 ± 0.02^c
5.	Ellagic acid	23.85 ± 0.05^a	69.82 ± 0.01^b
6.	Epicatechin	ND	87.59 ± 0.03^d
7.	Rutin	17.36 ± 0.02^a	69.82 ± 0.01^b
8.	Quercitrin	42.91 ± 0.02^b	26.37 ± 0.01^e
9.	Isoquercitrin	34.08 ± 0.01^cd	62.73 ± 0.02^ab
10.	Quercetin	56.74 ± 0.03^b	26.51 ± 0.01^e
11.	Kaempferol	18.93 ± 0.03^b	49.32 ± 0.03^a

Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviations (SD) of three determinations. Averages followed by different letters differ by Tukey test at P < 0.05. PHY: Physalis angulata; NBD: Newbouldia laevis; ND: not detected.

Figure 1. (A) Representative high-performance liquid chromatography profile of Physalis angulata extract. Gallic acid (peak 1), chorogenic acid (peak 2), caffeic acid (peak 3), ellagic acid (peak 4), rutin (peak 5), quercitrin (peak 6), isoquercitrin (peak 7), quercitrin (peak 8), and kaempferol (peak 9). (B) Representative high-performance liquid chromatography profile of Newbouldia laevis leaf extract. Gallic acid (peak 1), catechin (peak 2), chorogenic acid (peak 3), caffeic acid (peak 4), ellagic acid (peak 5), epicatechin (peak 6), rutin (peak 7), quercitrin (peak 8), isoquercitrin (peak 9), quercitrin (peak 10), and kaempferol (peak 11).

Table 2. IC₅₀ values for the inhibition of PDE-5′ Arginase, AChE, and ACE activities, as well as DPPH, OH radical scavenging, and Fe²⁺ chelating capacities of Physalis angulata and Newbouldia laevis leaf extracts.

Parameter	P. angulata	N. laevis	Positive control
PDE-5′ (µg/mL)	48.98 ± 1.23^c	44.25 ± 1.54^b	2.78 ± 0.11^d
Arginase (µg/mL)	177.92 ± 4.51^a	134.98 ± 3.23^b	0.75 ± 0.20^e
AChE (mg/mL)	0.60 ± 0.04^b	0.53 ± 0.05^b	2.44 ± 0.19^a*
ACE (µg/mL)	269.69 ± 2.30^b	130.00 ± 3.11^c	0.22 ± 0.03^d
DPPH (mg/mL)	3.62 ± 0.25^a	2.66 ± 0.10^b	-
OH (mg/mL)	0.52 ± 0.04^a	0.42 ± 0.07^a	-
Fe^2+-chelation (mg/mL)	1.65 ± 0.11^d	0.82 ± 0.05^c	-

Values represent means of triplicate readings. Values along the same rows with different superscripts are significantly different at P < 0.05. Positive control; sildenafil citrate, N^ѡ-hydroxy-l-arginine (NOHA), prostigmine (µg/mL)*, and lisinopril were used as PDE-5′, arginase, AChE, and ACE inhibitors, respectively. –: Not determined.

Figure 2. Inhibitory effect of P. angulata and N. laevis on phosphodiesterase-5′ activity. PHY: Physalis angulata; NBD: Newbouldia laevis.

Figure 3. Inhibitory effect of P. angulata and N. laevis on arginase activity. PHY: Physalis angulata; NBD: Newbouldia laevis.

Figure 4. Inhibitory effect of P. angulata and N. laevis on acetylcholinesterase activity. PHY: Physalis angulata; NBD: Newbouldia laevis.

Figure 5. Inhibitory effect of P. angulata and N. laevis on angiotensin-I-converting enzyme activity. PHY: Physalis angulata; NBD: Newbouldia laevis.