Chemical composition of essential oil and antioxidant activity of leaves and stems of Phlomis lurestanica

Figures & data

Table 1. Essential oils composition of stems and leaves of P. lurestanica.

		Area%
Compound Name	RI (STD)	Stems	Leaves
Hexanal	800	1.00	-
2-Hexanal	854	0.81	2.13
n-Hexanol	867	1.40	-
Heptanal	899	0.33	-
-Thujeneα	931	0.33	-
pinene-α	939	12.40	3.13
Decane	999	0.52	0.33
Limonene	1031	0.56	0.52
Linalool	1098	5.10	-
n-Nonanal	1102	-	1.57
Nonanal	1102	1.12	-
Nonanoln-	1171	0.81	1.09
Dodecane	1199	1.92	1.69
n-Decanal	1204	-	1.73
Decanal	1204	1.04	-
Geraniol	1255	0.48	-
Decanol	1272	0.85	-
Carvacrol	12.98	-	3.5
Tridecane	1299	0.690	-
-Cubebeneα	1351	-	2.74
Cubebene	1351	6.15	-
-Copaeneα	1376	-	0.88
Copaene	1376	1.48	-
Elemene-γ	1433	6.46	2.34
Geranyl acetate	1453	0.73	-
2-Dodecenal	1464	-	6.57
-Selineneα	1494	-	3.63
Pentadecane	1500	1.52	2.86
Cadinene- γ	1505	10.92	-
Cadinene -δ	1524	0.88	2.82
Hexyl benzoate	1576	-	2.38
Hexadecane	1600	4.94	8.97
Heptadecane	1700	5.06	6.32
Dodecanal	1707	-	0.73
Benzyl benzoate	1759	-	3.13
Aniline	1793	5.46	-
Octadecane	1800	2.86	4.23
Nonadecane	1900	4.21	2.05
Eicosane	2000	2.85	1.69
Terpenoids		44.08	19.57
Monoterpene hydrocarbons		13.21	3.56
Oxygenated monoterpenes		5.06	3.56
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons		25.81	12.42
Aliphatics		33.31	41.95
Alcohols		3.50	1.09
Aldehydes		4.26	12.73
Alkanes		24.82	28.13
Esters		0.73	-
Other		5.46	5.5
Total		82.85	67.02

Table 2. The major compounds of essential oil of some species of Phlomis.

Species	Main compounds	References
P. armeniaca	Germacrene D (24.1%), n-hexadecanoic acid (21.8%), and hexahydrofarnesyl acetone (13.7%)	[16]
P. nissolii	Germacrene D (15.1%), β-caryophyllene (12.7%), hexahydrofarnesyl acetone (11.9%), and linalool (11.3%)	[16]
P. pungens Var pungens	n-hexadecanoic acid (68.1%) and germacrene D(7.2%)	[16]
Phlomis herba-venti subsp. Pungens	Germacrene D (11.7%), terpinolene (9.1%), and α-pinene (7.3%)	[17]
P. anisodonta subsp. occidentalis vegetative stage	Germacrene-D (14.3%), bicyclogermacrene (12.4%), and α-pinene (6.8%)	[18]
P. anisodonta subsp. occidentalis flowering stage	Germacrene-D (52.6%), β-caryophyllene (15.9%), caryophyllene oxide (4.2%), and bicyclogermacrene (3.4%)	[18]
P. anisodonta subsp. occidentalis fruiting stage	Germacrene-D (27.9%), bicyclogermacrene (17.6%), caryophyllene oxide (14.7%), and β-caryophyllene (11.3%)	[18]
P. linearis	β_-caryophyllene (24.2%), germacrene D (22.3%), and caryophyllene oxide (9.2%)	[19]
P. bourgaei	β-caryophyllene (37.37%), (Z)-β-farnesene (15.88%), germacrene D (10.97%), and α-pinene(5.65)	[20]
P. bovei	Germacrene D (21.45%), β-caryophyllene (7.05%), and β-bournonene (2.96%)	[21]
P. oliveri	Germacrene D (66.1%), β-selinene (5.1%), β- caryophyllene(4.2%)	[6]
P. umbrosa	Geranial (16.5%), linalool (13.3%), cis-geraniol, (7.4%)	[8]
P. leucophracta	β-caryophyllene (20.2%), α-pinene (19.2%), and limonene (11.0%)	[9]
P. chimera	β-caryophyllene (31.6%), α -pinene (11.0%), and germacrene D (6.1%)	[9]
P. grandiflora	Germacrene D (45.4%), β-caryophyllene (22.8%), and bicyclogermacrene (4.9%)	[9]
P. ferruginea	β-caryophyllene (15.6%), hexadecanoic acid (12.8%), and germacrene D (8.9%)	[22]
P. lurestanica (leaves)	Hexadecane (8.97%), 2-dodecnenal (6.75%), and heptadecane (6.32%)
P. lurestanica (stems)	α-pinene(12.40%), γ-cadinene (10.92%), and γ-Elemene (7.46%)

Figure 1. Free radical scavenging of leaves and stems of Phlomis lurestanica compared with BHT by DPPH assays. All data in this method were statistically significant± standard error (n = 3) (p < 0.05).

Table 3. Antioxidant activity, phenol and flavonoid contents of leaves and stems of Phlomis lurestanica.

	Antioxidant activity
	DPPH (IC50 (µg/ml))	%β-carotene linoleic acid	Phenol (µg GAE/mg extract)	Flavonoid (µg QE/mg extract)
Leaves	1168.9 ± 30.1^b	96.2 ± 1.1^a	301.0 ± 0.3^a	45.2 ± 2.4^a
Stems	1563.6 ± 12.2^a	95.0 ± 1.2^a	172.3 ± 2.9 ^b	18.8 ± 0.6^b
BHT	42.3 ± 0.9^c	97.3 ± 1.3^a

Same letters indicate are not statistically significant ± standard error (n = 3) (p > 0.05 for antioxidant activity and p > 0.01 for phenol and flavonoid contents).

Figure 2. Antioxidant activity of leaves and stems of Phlomis lurestanica compared with BHT by β-carotene/linoleic assays. All data in this method are not statistically significant± standard error (n = 3) (p > 0.05).

Figure 3. Phenol and flavonoid contents of leaves and stems of Phlomis lurestanica .The leaves has more phenol and flavonoids in comparison to the stems. Data are statistically significant± standard error (n = 3) (p < 0.01).

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