Morphological, structural, and physicochemical properties of starch isolated from different lily cultivars grown in China

Figures & data

Table 1. Amylose contents of starches in interior and exterior scales among different lily cultivars

Cultivars	Part tissue scales
	IS	ES
PL LZ MJ LY YC JD C	28.98 ± 0.01cd, A 30.38 ± 0.34a, A 29.07 ± 1.60bc, A 29.98 ± 0.62ab, A 27.54 ± 0.67e, A 28.15 ± 0.53de, A 28.81 ± 0.44cd, A	20.94 ± 0.64f, B 27.46 ± 0.59bc, B 27.92 ± 1.41ab, A 29.71 ± 0.53a, A 26.49 ± 0.91d, A 23.63 ± 0.68e, B 26.95 ± 0.95bc, A

Note: all values are means of triplicate determinations ± standard deviations. Means in the same column with different lower case letters are significantly different (p< 0.05), and means in the same row with different capital letters are significantly different (p< 0.05).

Table 2. Characteristic figures of the particle size distribution of starch granules and degree of relative crystallinity

Sample	D50 (μm)	D(4,3) (μm)	S.S.A. (m^2/cm^3)	D(3,2) (μm)	Dispersion	Relative crystallinity (%)
PLIS PLES LZIS LZES MJIS MJES LYIS LYES YCIS YCES JDIS JDES CIS CES	21.20 ± 0.13g 24.69 ± 0.10e 22.73 ± 0.36f 24.66 ± 0.14e 34.04 ± 0.28b 45.06 ± 0.06a 21.68 ± 0.05g 25.35 ± 0.33e 32.85 ± 0.51c 31.61 ± 0.77d 17.79 ± 0.04h 18.56 ± 0.35h 21.98 ± 0.03fg 24.89 ± 0.16e	21.85 ± 0.1f 25.36 ± 0.07d 23.53 ± 0.39e 25.52 ± 0.25d 35.29 ± 0.03b 46.76 ± 0.41a 22.47 ± 0.12ef 26.46 ± 0.46d 33.87 ± 0.65c 32.86 ± 0.88c 18.34 ± 0.04g 18.85 ± 0.48g 23.35 ± 0.04e 26.37 ± 0.16d	0.35 ± 0.00bc 0.27 ± 0.00ef 0.30 ± 0.01de 0.27 ± 0.00ef 0.22 ± 0.02g 0.17 ± 0.01h 0.33 ± 0.01cd 0.27 ± 0.02f 0.20 ± 0.01g 0.22 ± 0.01g 0.38 ± 0.01ab 0.39 ± 0.03a 0.31 ± 0.00d 0.27 ± 0.00ef	17.11 ± 0.14fg 22.37 ± 0.01cd 20.16 ± 0.87defg 21.92 ± 0.10cde 28.27 ± 2.47b 36.62 ± 1.65a 18.46 ± 0.41efg 22.62 ± 1.16c 30.61 ± 0.47b 27.94 ± 0.63b 16.03 ± 0.05g 15.73 ± 1.06g 19.52 ± 0.03cdef 22.27 ± 0.12cd	1.04 ± 0.00ab 0.92 ± 0.08cd 0.93 ± 0.03cd 0.90 ± 0.02cd 1.03 ± 0.02ab 1.08 ± 0.00a 1.00 ± 0.01abc 0.90 ± 0.01cd 0.85 ± 0.02d 0.99 ± 0.03abc 0.93 ± 0.01cd 0.94 ± 0.05bcd 1.05 ± 0.01a 1.06 ± 0.00a	16.84 ± 0.15def 21.20 ± 0.73abc 18.98 ± 1.02bcde 22.71 ± 0.86ab 13.13 ± 0.51f 15.49 ± 0.87ef 17.89 ± 1.63cde 24.95 ± 1.28a 16.33 ± 1.38def 19.05 ± 1.87bcde 17.59 ± 1.01cde 22.20 ± 1.48ab 19.96 ± 0.0.2bcd 22.08 ± 1.53ab

Note: means in the same column with different lower case letters are significantly different (p< 0.05); D_{(4, 3)}, particle diameter of volume; D_{(3, 2),} particle diameter of surface; S.S.A, specific surface of unit volume; the value of dispersion calculated as (D90 − D10)/D50; D10, D50, and D90 represent the corresponding particle size which is samllar than 10%, 50%, and 90% of the sample particles, respectively.

Table 3. Molecule, radius, and conformation of different varieties of lily starch

Samples	Mn (×10^7 g/mol)	Mw (×10^7 g/mol)	Rn (nm)	Rw (nm)	Rz (nm)	υG	ÐM (Mw/Mn)
PLIS	4.12±0.21de	8.03±0.57bcd	177.20±4.70cde	193.65±2.75cde	231.00±0.70bcde	0.19±0.01abc	1.95±0.04ab
PLES	3.39±0.10f	5.95±0.54ef	164.50±2.60e	180.35±4.55e	215.70±9.00de	0.23±0.01a	1.75±0.11ab
LZIS	4.19±0.21de	8.36±0.19bcd	182.70±1.50bcd	202.00±1.00bcd	240.90±1.40abcd	0.18±0.01bcd	2.00±0.14a
LZES	4.89±0.37c	8.14±0.14bcd	201.95±0.85a	215.65±0.25ab	245.25±2.45abc	0.18±0.01bcd	1.67±0.10ab
MJIS	2.29±0.20g	4.03±0.20g	174.85±0.25de	180.20±1.40e	203.90±1.10e	0.15±0.02d	1.76±0.07ab
MJES	3.41±0.33f	5.17±0.30fg	175.10±3.40de	182.55±2.95e	206.65±0.75e	0.19±0.00abc	1.52±0.06b
LYIS	5.53±0.12ab	9.15±0.22b	190.90±0.40abc	208.40±1.10abc	244.35±4.65abc	0.23±0.01a	1.66±0.08ab
LYES	5.03±0.11bc	9.15±0.09b	184.85±2.25bcd	200.90±2.70bcd	238.25±2.65abcd	0.20±0.01abc	1.82±0.02ab
YCIS	3.90±0.07def	7.18±0.20cde	184.45±0.45bcd	195.90±1.60cde	230.55±5.65bcde	0.17±0.01cd	1.84±0.08ab
YCES	4.02±0.07def	6.57±0.38def	176.40±0.10cde	187.45±1.15de	218.50±10.35cde	0.20±0.00abc	1.63±0.07ab
JDIS	4.45±0.18cd	8.58±0.20bc	192.30±10.4ab	209.10±9.8abc	248.45±10.35ab	0.19±0.01bc	1.93±0.03ab
JDES	5.72±0.18a	11.00±0.73a	199.85±1.85a	221.10±3.00a	264.20±4.50a	0.20±0.02abc	1.93±0.19ab
CIS	4.41±0.14cd	7.48±0.92bcde	183.20±1.9bcd	196.15±2.85cde	230.95±11.75bcde	0.21±0.02ab	1.70±0.26ab
CES	3.71±0.28ef	6.80±1.48cdef	181.45±9.95bcd	194.60±13.8cde	229.30±22.10bcde	0.20±0.01abc	1.81±0.26ab

Note: means in the same column with different lower case letters are significantly different (p< 0.05); M_w, weight average molar mass; M_n the number average molar mass; R_z, root-mean-square rotation radius; R_n, number average square radius; R_w, weight mean square radius; υ_G, hydrodynamic coefficient (LogM/LogR); Ð_M, molar-mass dispersity (M_w/M_n).

Table 4. Chain length distributions of lily starch samples (%) and their average chain lengths

Samples	DPa	DP 6–12	DP 13–24	DP 25–36	DP≥37	SC/LC
PLIS PLES LZIS LZES MJIS MJES LYIS LYES YCIS YCES JDIS JDES CIS CES	24.74 ± 0.13b 24.92 ± 0.13b 23.42 ± 0.02f 24.47 ± 0.09c 23.95 ± 0.03de 24.14 ± 0.08d 23.91 ± 0.12e 25.29 ± 0.02a 24.78 ± 0.15b 23.86 ± 0.24e 23.93 ± 0.11e 23.98 ± 0.05de 24.53 ± 0.03c 23.19 ± 0.15g	22.41 ± 0.04fg 22.56 ± 0.07def 24.60 ± 0.16a 22.46 ± 0.08ef 22.23 ± 0.12g 22.98 ± 0.08c 22.65 ± 0.01de 21.26 ± 0.08h 21.34 ± 0.09h 22.97 ± 0.22c 23.31 ± 0.19b 23.01 ± 0.03c 22.76 ± 0.10d 24.60 ± 0.15a	36.48 ± 0.30fg 36.17 ± 0.25g 38.51 ± 0.23bc 36.93 ± 0.02ef 38.34 ± 0.44cd 37.96 ± 0.08d 39.14 ± 0.36a 36.88 ± 0.00ef 38.15 ± 0.36cd 38.60 ± 0.50bc 38.38 ± 0.18cd 38.62 ± 0.16bc 37.32 ± 0.12e 38.95 ± 0.20ab	19.82 ± 0.02de 19.37 ± 0.00g 19.06 ± 0.08h 20.07 ± 0.08c 20.62 ± 0.20a 19.93 ± 0.03de 19.93 ± 0.02d 19.80 ± 0.04e 20.34 ± 0.03b 20.26 ± 0.06b 19.64 ± 0.03f 19.66 ± 0.10f 19.84 ± 0.05de 19.56 ± 0.03f	21.29 ± 0.36b 21.89 ± 0.32a 17.83 ± 0.02g 20.54 ± 0.19c 18.80 ± 0.12de 19.13 ± 0.19d 18.27 ± 0.33efg 22.06 ± 0.12a 20.17 ± 0.42c 18.16 ± 0.66fg 18.67 ± 0.28def 18.72 ± 0.09de 20.07 ± 0.04c 16.89 ± 0.38h	0.29 ± 0.00fg 0.29 ± 0.00ef 0.33 ± 0.00a 0.29 ± 0.00f 0.29 ± 0.00g 0.30 ± 0.00c 0.29 ± 0.00de 0.27 ± 0.00h 0.27 ± 0.00h 0.30 ± 0.00c 0.30 ± 0.00b 0.30 ± 0.00c 0.29 ± 0.00d 0.33 ± 0.00a

Note: means in the same column with different lower case letters are significantly different (p< 0.05); DPa, average branch chain length; SC/LC, ratio of short chains (DP<13) and long chains (DP>13).

Table 5. Pasting properties of lily starches

Sample	PV (cp)	TV (cp)	BD (cp)	FV (cp)	SB (cp)	PT (min)	GT (°C)
PLIS	2857.67±31.44ab	1907.00±16.27c	950.67±35.65a	2727.33±13.20d	820.33±28.87g	4.02±0.07h	64.45±0.04e
PLES	2934.33±30.27a	2167.67±8.50a	766.67±37.37c	2950.00±14.14bc	782.33±6.24gh	4.15±0.03gh	63.83±0.40f
LZIS	2774.33±29.04b	1932.33±26.85c	842.00±55.16b	2872.67±32.25c	940.33±20.89f	4.07±0.05h	65.87±0.33d
LZES	2963.00±31.23a	2196.00±32.89a	767.00±43.58cd	2956.00±50.46bc	760.00±52.18h	3.80±0.05i	65.33±0.06d
MJIS	2283.00±25.31d	2031.67±33.88b	251.33±56.76gh	2976.33±40.77b	944.67±28.43f	4.73±0.24d	65.87±0.40d
MJES	2079.33±29.47f	1930.67±14.89c	148.67±20.04i	2989.00±20.83b	1058.33±34.45de	5.18±0.03b	65.30±0.04d
LYIS	1999.67±22.98f	1771.00±16.99d	228.67±9.46h	3011.33±52.64b	1240.33±42.29bc	5.42±0.03a	71.00±0.04a
LYES	2065.67±49.94f	1753.33±37.46d	312.33±12.50g	3152.00±60.90a	1398.67±23.58a	4.98±0.07c	69.15±0.39b
YCIS	1699.67±70.92g	1454.67±38.05g	245.00±34.84gh	2729.00±81.32d	1274.33±44.34b	4.96±0.08c	68.87±0.39b
YCES	1705.67±58.63g	1566.67±91.08f	139.00±32.54i	2780.00±10.00d	1303.67±37.03b	5.07±0.09bc	69.12±0.37b
JDIS	2389.33±65.77c	1639.33±37.46ef	750.00±28.33cd	2707.67±6.89d	1111.33±24.51d	4.27±0.05fg	67.77±0.08c
JDES	2395.33±78.39c	1706.67±27.40de	688.67±51.10d	2735.33±5.79d	1028.67±27.39e	4.04±0.08h	68.00±0.42c
CIS	2183.67±39.16e	1586.33±29.27f	597.33±32.50e	2694.00±46.88d	1107.67±19.22d	4.40±0.06ef	67.85±0.08c
CES	2229.67±8.26de	1725.00±20.12d	504.67±27.05f	2933.00±24.83bc	1208.00±8.83c	4.49±0.03e	67.55±0.39c

Note: all values are the means of triplicate determinations ± SD. The means within columns with different letters are significantly different (p< 0.05).

PV, peak viscosity; TV, trough viscosity; BD, breakdown; FV, final viscosity; SB, setback; PT, peak time; GT, pasting temperature.

Table 6. Thermal characteristics of lily starches

Samples	To (°C)	Tp (°C)	Tc (°C)	∆Tr (°C)	∆H (J/g)
PLIS PLES LZIS LZES MJIS MJES LYIS LYES YCIS YCES JDIS JDES CIS CES	51.59 ± 0.05e 50.76 ± 0.06f 51.78 ± 0.08e 53.05 ± 0.25d 51.82 ± 1.09e 51.42 ± 0.20ef 55.57 ± 0.13b 57.59 ± 0.09a 54.04 ± 0.14c 56.05 ± 0.05b 53.99 ± 0.11c 57.53 ± 0.62a 52.86 ± 0.50d 54.53 ± 0.08c	56.39 ± 0.17h 54.57 ± 0.32i 56.53 ± 0.11h 59.02 ± 0.30f 56.60 ± 0.40h 56.35 ± 0.22h 61.29 ± 0.03e 63.07 ± 0.20c 59.23 ± 0.03f 61.88 ± 0.20d 58.12 ± 0.38g 63.75 ± 0.10b 64.30 ± 0.04a 59.36 ± 0.16f	70.81 ± 0.58f 68.44 ± 0.30g 72.00 ± 1.58ef 74.69 ± 0.43bcd 72.51 ± 1.76ef 68.07 ± 0.28g 76.67 ± 1.71ab 77.04 ± 0.32a 74.31 ± 1.29cd 77.16 ± 0.14a 73.61 ± 1.45de 76.14 ± 0.51abc 74.37 ± 0.86cd 74.31 ± 1.40cd	19.22 ± 0.63bcd 17.68 ± 0.32de 20.22 ± 1.63abc 21.65 ± 0.18a 20.69 ± 0.67abc 16.66 ± 0.32e 21.10 ± 1.15ab 19.45 ± 0.29abcd 20.27 ± 1.27abc 21.11 ± 0.17ab 19.62 ± 1.56abcd 18.61 ± 0.52cde 21.51 ± 1.18ab 19.78 ± 1.44abcd	12.43 ± 0.69de 12.27 ± 0.19e 13.27 ± 0.62cde 14.37 ± 0.44bc 13.37 ± 0.75cde 11.46 ± 0.60f 14.45 ± 1.29bc 15.42 ± 0.40ab 13.14 ± 0.57ce 14.61 ± 0.59bc 14.35 ± 0.39bcf 16.29 ± 0.50a 13.32 ± 0.42cde 13.95 ± 1.43bcd

Note: all values are the means of triplicate determinations ± SD. The means within columns with different letters are significantly different (p< 0.05). T_o, onset temperature; T_p, peak temperature; T_c, conclusion temperature; ΔT_r, gelatinization temperature range (ΔT_r = T_c − T_o); ΔH, enthalpy of gelatinization.

Figure 1. X-ray diffraction spectra of starches isolated from (a) the interior scales (IS) and (b) exterior scales (ES) from seven varieties of lily bulbs

Figure 2. Morphological characteristics of the starch granules under normal light (NLM), polarized light (PLM), and scanning electron microscopes (SEM)

Figure 3. Particle size distribution of seven kinds of lily starch granules, starch from interior scales (IS); starch from exterior scales (ES)

Figure 4. Distributions of chain lengths of amylopectin starch. a: PL; b: LZ; c: MJ; d: LY; e: YC; f: JD; g: C. IS: starch from interior scales; ES: starch from exterior scales

Figure 5. Swelling power of starch granules in the interior and exterior scales of seven kinds of lily bulbs. a: starch from interior scales (IS); b: starch from exterior scales (ES)

Figure 6. Solubility of starch granules in the interior and exterior scales of seven kinds of lily bulbs. a: starch from interior scales (IS); b: starch from exterior scales (ES)

Figure 7. Rapid visco analyzer profile of starches isolated from different parts and cultivars of lily. a: starch from interior scales (IS); b: starch from exterior scales (ES)