Chemical and mineral composition of raw goat milk as affected by breed varieties available in Malaysia

Figures & data

Table 1. Chemical and mineral composition of goat milk from five different breeds in Malaysia

	British Alpine	Jamnapari	Saanen	Shami	Toggenburg
Moisture (%)	87.29 ± 0.78^a	85.32 ± 0.31^b	88.08 ± 0.99^a	88.33 ± 0.50^a	89.01 ± 0.28^a
Ash (%)	1.10 ± 0.10^a	0.66 ± 0.06^b	0.70 ± 0.20^ab	0.70 ± 0.20^ab	0.80 ± 0.17^ab
Carbohydrate (%)	3.60 ± 0.64^a	4.02 ± 0.51^a	2.46 ± 0.11^b	3.47 ± 0.61^a	2.58 ± 0.66^ab
Lactose (%)	2.40 ± 0.23^ab	2.00 ± 0.27^b	2.95 ± 0.26^a	2.59 ± 0.68^a	2.26 ± 0.26^ab
Protein (%)	4.31 ± 0.57^a	5.80 ± 0.82^a	4.83 ± 0.73^a	4.38 ± 0.95^a	4.53 ± 0.99^a
Amino acids (g/100 g of protein)
Asp	1.18 ± 0.35^cFGHI	3.34 ± 0.39^aBC	0.84 ± 0.06^cIJKL	3.18 ± 0.23^aB	2.46 ± 0.43^bBC
Glu	4.72 ± 0.12^dAB	7.15 ± 0.10^aA	6.44 ± 0.13^bA	7.44 ± 0.23^aA	5.68 ± 0.32^cA
Ser	1.67 ± 0.02^bEFG	2.39 ± 0.04^aCDEFG	2.51 ± 0.25^aCDE	1.81 ± 0.14^bC	1.49 ± 0.07^cCDEF
Gly	3.64 ± 0.20^abBC	1.23 ± 0.23^cH	2.65 ± 0.02^bCD	0.89 ± 0.35^cCDE	4.72 ± 0.49^aA
His	0.64 ± 0.06^bFGHI	0.98 ± 0.15^aHI	0.54 ± 0.00^bKL	0.50 ± 0.02^bF	0.51 ± 0.03^bEFG
Arg	0.58 ± 0.08^cGHI	3.58 ± 0.42^aB	1.58 ± 0.45^bFGHI	1.59 ± 0.17^bCD	1.50 ± 0.09^bB
Thr	5.44 ± 0.58^bA	6.97 ± 0.24^aA	4.58 ± 0.05^bB	7.05 ± 0.13^aA	2.80 ± 0.13^cB
Ala	1.03 ± 0.28^bFGHI	1.77 ± 0.16^aFGH	0.76 ± 0.02^bJKL	0.99 ± 0.03^bDEF	1.02 ± 0.10^bEFG
Pro	3.04 ± 0.00^bCD	5.47 ± 0.18^aBCD	3.24 ± 0.19^bC	3.71 ± 0.31^bB	2.25 ± 0.19^cBCD
Tyr	1.02 ± 0.01^cFGHI	1.92 ± 0.09^aEFGH	1.03 ± 0.05^cHIJK	1.34 ± 0.04^bCDE	0.76 ± 0.02^dEFG
Val	2.41 ± 0.14^bDE	3.42 ± 0.07^aB	2.34 ± 0.05^bDEF	2.02 ± 0.03^cC	1.54 ± 0.04^dCDE
Cys	0.11 ± 0.01^bI	0.12 ± 0.02^bI	0.21 ± 0.01^bL	0.64 ± 0.05^aEF	0.20 ± 0.01^bG
Met	0.45 ± 0.02^dHI	1.03 ± 0.01^cHI	1.28 ± 0.01^bGHIJK	1.34 ± 0.06^bCDE	1.45 ± 0.04^aCDEF
Ile	1.27 ± 0.02^cFGH	2.29 ± 0.13^aDEFG	1.47 ± 0.02^bGHIJ	1.33 ± 0.02^cCDE	1.28 ± 0.09^cDEFG
Leu	1.58 ± 0.00^cEFG	2.84 ± 0.08^aBCDE	2.06 ± 0.02^bDEFG	1.75 ± 0.03^bcC	1.53 ± 0.01^cCDE
Phe	1.73 ± 0.03^bEF	2.74 ± 0.08^aBCDEF	1.82 ± 0.00^bEFGH	1.34 ± 0.02^dCDE	1.52 ± 0.00^cCDE
Lys	1.44 ± 0.05^bEFGH	1.49 ± 0.09^bGH	1.89 ± 0.01^aDEFG	2.01 ± 0.01^aC	0.41 ± 0.05^cFG
Fat (%)	3.70 ± 0.15^b	4.20 ± 0.26^a	3.93 ± 0.32^ab	3.12 ± 0.30^c	3.08 ± 0.29^c
Fatty acids (g/100 g fat)
C4:0	0.30 ± 0.02^bcB	0.39 ± 0.04^abcBC	0.61 ± 0.04^aC	0.55 ± 0.09^abB	0.16 ± 0.03^cDE
C6:0	0.30 ± 0.00^bB	0.72 ± 0.01^aBC	0.87 ± 0.02^aC	0.63 ± 0.11^aB	0.19 ± 0.03^bDE
C8:0	0.29 ± 0.01^bB	0.84 ± 0.00^aBC	0.82 ± 0.01^aC	0.70 ± 0.11^aB	0.22 ± 0.06^bDE
C10:0	0.84 ± 0.02^bB	2.32 ± 0.00^aABC	2.44 ± 0.00^aBC	2.57 ± 0.44^aB	0.78 ± 0.25^bBCD
C12:0	0.36 ± 0.02^bB	1.04 ± 0.00^aBC	1.08 ± 0.00^aC	1.19 ± 0.22^aB	0.45 ± 0.25^bCDE
C14:0	1.01 ± 0.04^bB	2.18 ± 0.00^aABC	2.50 ± 0.00^aBC	2.87 ± 0.54^aB	1.10 ± 0.01^bBC
C14:1	0.04 ± 0.02^cdB	0.14 ± 0.01^abBC	0.21 ± 0.00^aC	0.11 ± 0.02^bcB	0.00 ± 0.00^dE
C15:0	0.13 ± 0.0^bB	0.19 ± 0.12^abBC	0.42 ± 0.00^abC	0.59 ± 0.11^aB	0.12 ± 0.04^bDE
C15:1	0.03 ± 0.00^bB	0.00 ± 0.00^bC	0.11 ± 0.00^aC	0.13 ± 0.02^aB	0.00 ± 0.00^bE
C16:0	2.00 ± 0.07^bB	3.73 ± 0.01^abAB	4.46 ± 0.00^abB	5.33 ± 1.01^aB	1.34 ± 0.15^bB
C16:1n9	0.18 ± 0.02^bB	0.22 ± 0.07^abBC	0.39 ± 0.00^aC	0.51 ± 0.10^aB	0.11 ± 0.00^bE
C17:0	0.25 ± 0.00^bB	0.35 ± 0.00^abBC	0.52 ± 0.00^abC	0.75 ± 0.18^aB	0.17 ± 0.00^bDE
C17:1	0.00 ± 0.00^bB	0.00 ± 0.00^bC	0.10 ± 0.03^aC	0.07 ± 0.01^aB	0.15 ± 0.02^aDE
C18:0	1.37 ± 0.05^abB	1.44 ± 0.85^abABC	2.09 ± 0.00^aBC	2.76 ± 0.54^aB	0.61 ± 0.08^bCDE
C18:1t	0.94 ± 0.04^abB	0.55 ± 0.10^bBC	1.05 ± 0.02^aC	2.65 ± 0.43^aB	0.24 ± 0.05^bDE
C18:1c	3.12 ± 0.11^bB	5.07 ± 2.64^bA	14.27 ± 2.38^aA	5.66 ± 1.02^bB	2.95 ± 0.28^bA
C18:2n6c	0.73 ± 0.04^abB	0.75 ± 0.00^abBC	1.46 ± 0.00^aBC	1.51 ± 0.25^aB	0.00 ± 0.00^bE
C20:4	18.36 ± 3.89^aA	0.00 ± 0.00^bC	0.00 ± 0.00^bC	20.51 ± 4.12^aA	0.00 ± 0.00^bE
Minerals (mg/L)
Ca	1011.60 ± 34.60^cB	1169.41 ± 10.10^bB	1464.10 ± 29.80^aB	1518.30 ± 46.60^aB	1114.7 ± 40.00^bB
Mg	94.43 ± 2.35^cD	44.19 ± 4.21^dD	174.83 ± 0.41^aD	152.00 ± 2.18^bD	111.43 ± 2.46^eD
K	1893.3 ± 26.1^bA	1808.6 ± 50.3^bcA	1867.4 ± 55.3^bcA	1883.6 ± 51.8^bA	2563.3 ± 22.7^aA
Na	880.37 ± 2.67^aC	498.81 ± 9.83^eC	622.67 ± 8.38^cC	523.85 ± 5.22^dC	708.33 ± 6.22^bC
Mn	0.47 ± 0.32^abE	0.54 ± 0.06^abE	0.92 ± 0.17^aE	0.31 ± 0.19^bE	0.43 ± 0.19^abE
Zn	1.47 ± 0.37^aE	1.26 ± 0.33^abE	1.32 ± 0.39^aE	0.83 ± 0.03^abE	0.52 ± 0.17^bE
Fe	0.60 ± 0.04^bE	0.59 ± 0.03^bE	0.62 ± 0.06^bE	0.90 ± 0.17^aE	0.60 ± 0.01^bE
Cu	1.27 ± 0.02^aE	0.38 ± 0.04^bE	0.26 ± 0.07^cE	0.21 ± 0.01^cE	0.10 ± 0.05^dE

Mean ± standard deviation (n = 3); values in the same row with different small letters are significantly different (p < 0.05) from one another. For each chemical component of amino acids, fatty acids, and minerals; values in the same column with different capital letters are significantly different (p < 0.05) from one another.

Figure 1. (a). Score plot for PC2 versus PC1 from PCA for breed classification. (b). Loading plot for PC1 versus PC2