Clenbuterol, salbutamol, and ractopamine in fresh meat products in Jilin province, China

Figures & data

Table 1. LC-MS/MS parameter for three targeted β-agonists

class	Analyte	Ionization mode	Molecular weight	Precursor ion	Product ion	Collision energy (eV)	Cone voltage (V)
β-agonists	Clenbuterol	Positive	277	277	203^a、259	15、12	20、20
	Ractopamine	Positive	337	302	164^a、284	17、15	20、20
	Salbutamol	Positive	239	240	148^a、222	18、10	20、20

^a The bold text expressed as quantification ion.

Table 2. Recovery and coefficients of variation of target β-agonists in pigs, cattle, and sheep

		pork ribs	pork loin	pork internal organs	beef ribs	beef loin	beef internal organs	lamb ribs	lamb loin	lamb internal organs
Analyte	LOQ(μg/kg)	%Recovery (CV)	%Recovery (CV)	%Recovery (CV)	%Recovery (CV)	%Recovery (CV)	%Recovery (CV)	%Recovery (CV)	%Recovery (CV)	%Recovery (CV)
Clenbuterol	0.5	90(2)	99(2)	99(3)	101(6)	90(8)	96(2)	93(2)	92(7)	103(8)
Ractopamine	0.5	97(7)	94(1)	98(11)	92(8)	95(1)	91(7)	102(2)	97(9)	92(11)
Salbutamol	0.3	10(4)	90(5)	90(7)	98(6)	99(4)	99(5)	99(7)	98(9)	94(2)

LOQ: limit of quantification.

MRL: Maximum Residue Limit was obtained by the announcement No. 235 of the Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China (National food safety standard-Maximum residue limits for β-agonists in foodstuff of animal origin)

Table 3. Occurrence patterns of β-agonists for meat products from pigs, cattle, and sheep in Jilin Province, Northeast China

Analyte	Number of samples	Positive samples	Detection rate (%)	Geometric mean(ug/kg)	Mean±SD (ug/kg)	Range(ug/kg)
Clenbuterol	801	51	6.37%	0.85	0.92 ± 0.38	LOQ-1.91
Ractopamine	801	21	2.62%	0.81	0.92 ± 0.52	LOQ-2.11
Salbutamol	801	19	2.37%	0.61	0.79 ± 0.67	LOQ-2.79

Figure 1. Number of detected meat products samples

Figure 2. Detection ratio of β-agonists by meat species

Table 4. β-agonists concentrations (μg/kg, on fresh weight basis) in pork meat collected from Jilin Province, China

	pork ribs			pork loin			pork internal organs
Analyte	Range	Geometric mean	Mean±SD	Range	Geometric mean	Mean±SD	Range	Geometric mean	Mean±SD
Clenbuterol	0.63–1.91	0.97	1.06 ± 0.48	LOQ-1.2	0.82	0.85 ± 0.23	0.74–1.54	0.88	0.95 ± 0.41
Ractopamine	LOQ-1.31	0.84	0.90 ± 0.34	LOQ-0.81	0.66	0.67 ± 0.12	LOQ-1.29	0.80	0.90 ± 0.56
Salbutamol	LOQ-1.11	0.62	0.69 ± 0.33	0.84–2.79	1.72	1.93 ± 1.00	LOQ-1.12	0.58	0.71 ± 0.58

Table 5. β-agonists concentrations (μg/kg, on fresh weight basis) in beef meat collected from Jilin Province, China

	beef ribs			beef loin			beef internal organs
Analyte	Range	Geometric mean	Mean±SD	Range	Geometric mean	Mean±SD	Range	Geometric mean	Mean±SD
Clenbuterol	LOQ-0.78	0.62	0.64 ± 0.20	LOQ-0.72	0.63	0.64 ± 0.12	LOQ-1.51	0.87	0.98 ± 0.48
Ractopamine	LOQ-1.93	0.98	1.22 ± 1.01	LOQ-2.11	1.28	1.53 ± 0.90
Salbutamol

Table 6. β-agonists concentrations (μg/kg, on fresh weight basis) in lamb meat collected from Jilin Province, China

	lamb ribs			lamb loin			lamb internal organs
Analyte	Range	Geometric mean	Mean±SD	Range	Geometric mean	Mean±SD	Range	Geometric mean	Mean±SD
Clenbuterol
Ractopamine
Salbutamol	LOQ-0.72	0.44	0.47 ± 0.22	LOQ-0.61	0.41	0.43 ± 0.16	LOQ-0.99	0.47	0.54 ± 0.39