In vitro antioxidant and anti-aging properties of swim bladder peptides from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)

Figures & data

Figure 1. Elution profile of SWP on the G-15. The column was eluted with distilled water at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min.

Figure 2. FT-IR spectrum of SWP-I and SWP-II. SWP-I and SWP-II were mixed with KBr powder, ground thoroughly and then pressed into a 1 mm pellet for FT-IR measurement.

Figure 3. UV light absorption spectrum of SWP-I and SWP-II between 190 nm and 400 nm on a UV spectrophotometer.

Table 1. Amino acid composition of SWP-I and SWP-II (g/100 g).

Amino acid	SWP-I	SWP-II
Asp	7.62	2.88
Glu	8.96	4.49
Cys	0.68	1.02
Ser	6.91	2.80
Gly	22.73	10.01
His	1.04	1.31
Arg	2.55	25.43
Thr	2.92	3.03
Ala	9.14	5.02
Pro	12.88	5.96
Tyr	0.36	1.04
Val	2.19	2.22
Met	1.78	4.05
Trp	-	-
Ile	1.50	2.32
Leu	1.89	5.26
Phe	1.24	5.04
Lys	2.28	4.28
HAA	31.66	31.93
AAA	1.60	6.08

Combined total of hydrophobic amino acids: alanine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine, and cysteine (HAA). Aromatic amino acids: phenylalanine and tyrosine (AAA).

Figure 4. GPC spectrum of SWP-I and SWP-II. (A) GPC spectrum of SWP-I (B) GPC spectrum of SWP-II.

Figure 5. (A) DPPH•, (B) HO•, (C) O_2-• scavenging activity, and (D) Fe²⁺ chelating ability of SWP-I and SWP-II. Data are presented as mean ± SEM n = 3.

Figure 6. Cell viabilities of H₂O₂-induced 2BS cells. Data are presented as mean± SEM, n = 4.

Figure 7. Effects of SWP-I and SWP-II on cell viability. Data are shown as mean± SEM, n = 4. ** p < .01 versus the blank group, ^## p < .01 versus the control group.

Figure 8. Effects of SWP-I and SWP-II on H₂O₂-induced ROS generation of 2BS cells. (a) Fluorescence intensities of DCF due to oxidation of DCFH by cellular ROS were detected (E_x = 485 nm, E_m = 535 nm). Data are shown as mean± SEM, n = 4. ** p < .01 versus the blank group, ^## p < .01 versus the control group. (b) Representative fluorescence images illustrating the increasing fluorescence intensity of DCF produced by ROS in H₂O₂-treated cells and ROS scavenging abilities of the two fractions.

Figure 9. Inhibitory effects of SWP-I and SWP-II on oxidative stress-induced premature senescence in 2BS cells. (a) The ratios of SA-β-gal positive cells were assessed using a paired T-test. Data are shown as mean± SEM, n = 4. ** p < .01 versus the blank group, ^## p < .01 versus the control group. (b) Morphological changes of 2BS cells after staining with SA-β- Gal were observed by optical microscopy. Magnification: 100 ×.

Figure 10. Protective effects of SWP-I and SWP-II on H₂O₂-induced cell apoptosis. (a) Cell apoptosis rates of 2BS were assessed by annexin V and PI double staining and flow cytometry. Data are shown as mean± SEM, n = 4. ** p < .01 versus the blank group, ^## p < .01 versus the control group. (b) Scatter diagram of cell apoptosis by flow cytometry.