Amino acid profile and safety assessment of infant formula available in local market, Pakistan

Figures & data

Table 1. Infant formulas samples description

Coded Infant Formulas	Status (Branded/Local)
NN1	Branded
NL2	Branded
SN3	Local
PA4	Local
NC5	Branded
MT6	Local
MB7	Branded
BM8	Local
AA9	Branded
SI10	Branded

Table 2. Proximate composition of different infant formulas

Formula	Moisture	Ash	Protein	Fat	Crude Fiber	NFE
NN1	1.6 ± 0.4^e	2.86 ± 0.06^bc	10.89 ± 1.24^cd	26.30 ± 1.35 ^ab	ND	58.38 ± 0.96 ^b
NL2	1.93 ± 0.3^de	3.20 ± 0.2^b	10.55 ± 0.66^d	26.63 ± 0.40 ^a	ND	57.68 ± 0.08 ^bc
NI-1	3.83 ± 1.19 ^a	2.30 ± 0.10 ^de	11.50 ± 0.50 ^bcd	26.27 ± 0.70 ^ab	4.13 ± 0.15 ^a	51.97 ± 1.00 ^d
PA4	3.03 ± 0.75 ^abc	2.87 ± 0.15 ^bc	12.47 ± 1.31 ^bc	23.17 ± 1.00^c	ND	58.47 ± 1.86 ^b
NC5	2.97 ± 0.15 ^abc	2.80 ± 0.53 ^bcd	14.24 ± 0.89 ^a	9.82 ± 1.05 ^d	ND	69.17 ± 1.39 ^a
MT6	3.53 ± 0.70 ^ab	2.70 ± 0.46 ^bcd	12.63 ± 0.40 ^b	25.60 ± 0.89 ^ab	ND	55.53 ± 1.48^c
MB7	2.53 ± 0.42 ^cde	2.54 ± 0.16^cd	10.93 ± 0.70^cd	26.04 ± 1.00 ^ab	ND	57.96 ± 1.88 ^bc
BM8	3.03 ± 0.47 ^abc	1.87 ± 0.21 ^e	10.83 ± 1.65 ^d	25.00 ± 1.28 ^ab	ND	59.27 ± 2.38 ^b
AA9	3.03 ± 0.21 ^abc	2.60 ± 0.56^cd	11.65 ± 0.38^bcd	25.27 ± 1.18 ^ab	ND	57.45 ± 1.27 ^bc
SI10	2.60 ± 0.50 ^bcd	4.20 ± 0.10 ^a	14.67 ± 0.70 ^a	24.67 ± 1.33 ^bc	2.83 ± 0.21 ^b	51.03 ± 1.77 ^d

Table 3. Salmonella detection of different IF brands

Brands	Salmonella Detection	International Standards
NN1	ND	Absent in 25 g
NL2	ND	Absent in 25 g
NI-1	ND	Absent in 25 g
PA4	ND	Absent in 25 g
NC5	ND	Absent in 25 g
MT6	ND	Absent in 25 g
MB7	ND	Absent in 25 g
BM8	ND	Absent in 25 g
AA9	ND	Absent in 25 g
SI10	ND	Absent in 25 g

Table 4. Yeasts and molds count of different IF brands

Brands	Yeasts and Molds Count (YMC cfu/g)
NN1	≤2
NL2	3
NI-1	7
PA4	10
NC5	≤5
MT6	≤8
MB7	≤2
BM8	8
AA9	≤4
SI10	≤3

Table 5. Total bacteria count of different IF brands

Brands	Total bacteria count TBC (CFU/g)
NN1	1.5 × 10^3
NL2	2.3 × 10^3
NI-1	4.2 × 10^3
PA4	5.9 × 10^3
NC5	3.5 × 10^3
MT6	6.2 × 10^3
MB7	3.1 × 10^3
BM8	6.3 × 10^3
AA9	4.5 × 10^3
SI10	3.6 × 10^3

Figure 1. Lysine, valine, and cysteine of different IF brands

Table 6. Iron, zinc, and copper content of different IF brands

Brands	Iron (mg)	Zinc (mg)	Copper (µg)
NN1	5.23 ± 0.35^e	5.37 ± 0.15^a	400.33 ± 1.53^c
NL2	5.23 ± 0.35^e	5.33 ± 0.15^a	400.67 ± 2.08^c
NI-1	5.97 ± 0.21^d	4.63 ± 0.15^b	348.67 ± 3.21^f
PA4	6.90 ± 0.20^b	4.60 ± 0.30^b	434.33 ± 3.06^b
NC5	7.53 ± 0.15^a	3.20 ± 0.20^d	304.67 ± 3.06^h
MT6	6.37 ± 0.25^c	3.20 ± 0.20^d	324.00 ± 3.61^g
MB7	5.80 ± 0.20^d	3.30 ± 0.10^d	321.67 ± 2.08^g
BM8	6.40 ± 0.10^c	4.13 ± 0.15^c	363.33 ± 2.08^e
AA9	6.67 ± 0.15^bc	4.07 ± 0.21^c	487.00 ± 2.65^a
SI10	6.67 ± 0.15^bc	4.63 ± 0.15^b	369.67 ± 1.53^d

Table 7. Lead, cadmium, and aluminum of different IF brands

Brands	Pb (ppm)	Cd (ppm)	Al (ppm)
NN1	0.78 ± 0.03^e	0.32 ± 0.00^g	1.55 ± 0.02^e
NL2	0.58 ± 0.02^f	0.36 ± 0.00^fg	1.63 ± 0.01^c
NI-1	0.93 ± 0.01^c	0.73 ± 0.00^d	2.05 ± 0.02^a
PA4	1.05 ± 0.03^a	0.98 ± 0.00^a	2.04 ± 0.02^aa
NC5	0.51 ± 0.02^f	0.28 ± 0.00^h	1.48 ± 0.02^f
MT6	0.99 ± 0.02^b	0.87 ± 0.00^c	1.79 ± 0.02^ab
MB7	0.39 ± 0.02^a	0.42 ± 0.00^e	1.71 ± 0.02^c
BM8	0.81 ± 0.01^d	0.93 ± 0.00^b	1.82 ± 0.02^b
AA9	0.41 ± 0.02^g	0.37 ± 0.00^f	1.58 ± 0.02^de
SI10	0.29 ± 0.02^h	0.30 ± 0.00^g	1.67 ± 0.02^d

Table 8. Lysine, valine, and cysteine of different IF brands

Brands	Lysine (g/100 g protein)	Valine (g/100 g protein)	Cysteine (g/100 g protein)
NN1	6.09 ± 0.08^b	5.88 ± 0.03^b	3.18 ± 0.03^b
NL2	5.33 ± 0.11^c	5.82 ± 0.03^b	2.97 ± 0.04^d
NI-1	5.41 ± 0.03^c	5.23 ± 0.05^e	2.33 ± 0.04^f
PA4	4.75 ± 0.04^e	5.52 ± 0.04^c	2.93 ± 0.04^d
NC5	3.06 ± 0.08^g	6.51 ± 0.04^a	2.32 ± 0.04^f
MT6	4.31 ± 0.02^f	5.52 ± 0.06^c	2.60 ± 0.02^e
MB7	5.05 ± 0.03^d	4.90 ± 0.08^f	2.65 ± 0.04^e
BM8	4.98 ± 0.04^d	5.40 ± 0.05^d	3.08 ± 0.04^c
AA9	6.62 ± 0.04^a	5.48 ± 0.06^c	2.92 ± 0.05^d
SI10	6.63 ± 0.06^a	5.49 ± 0.02^c	3.40 ± 0.03^a