Phytochemical profile and pro-healthy properties of berries

Figures & data

Figure 1. Structures of hydroxycinnamic and hydroxybenzoic acids.

Figure 2. Structures of different flavonoid.

Figure 3. Structures of anthocyanins.

Table 1. Health perspectives related to all edible forms of berries.

Diseases	Berries	Bioactive compound	Mechanism	Reference
Cancer	Strawberries	Anthocyanins	Detoxification of carcinogens, Scavenging of reactive oxygen species Decrease of oxidative DNA damage Reduction of cancer cell proliferation through apoptosis Cell-cycle arrest Downregulation of activator protein-1 and NF-ĸB, inhibition of Wnt signaling, TNF-α46 and angiogenesis	^[Citation85–87]
	Blueberries	Anthocyanidins (cyanidin, delphinidin, malvidin, peonidin, and petunidin)
	Black berries	Bioflavonoids and phenolic compounds
Cardiovascular diseases	Strawberries	Folate, vitamin C and phenolic compounds (anthocyanins and ellagitannins)	Improvement in the lipid profile of plasma Increase of its antioxidant activity Enhancement of the endothelial function by exerting anti-inflammatory effects	^[Citation56,Citation88–90]
	Blueberry	Phenolic compounds
	Cranberry	Proanthocyanins
Antioxidant activity	Strawberries	Anthocyanins	Disturbance of the balance between antioxidant defense mechanisms and the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), due to the induction of CVD, diabetes and other metabolic syndromes.	^[Citation91,Citation92]
	Blueberries	Anthocyanins, Vitamin C
	Blackberries	Anthocyanin
	Cranberries	Phenolic compounds
Anti-inflammatory	Strawberries	Phenolics (Fistein)	Decreasing the pro-inflammatory cytokines, in macrophages prepared with LPS nitric oxide synthesis, in human and rats phagocytes and suppressing pro-inflammatory molecular pathways	^[Citation93]
	Blackberries	Phenolic compounds (anthocyanin)
	Cranberry	Polyphenolic compounds (flavonols, anthocyanins and flavonols)
Metabolic syndrome	Strawberries	Anthocyanins	Main features of metabolic syndrome such as hypertension and hyperglycemia by deactivating α- glucosidase which is carbohydrate digestive enzyme and α-amylase which is lipid related enzymes can be overcome Postprandial need of insulin can be reduced through the regular intake of strawberries, which in-turn lowers the risk of type II diabetes and metabolic syndrome	^[Citation90,Citation94]
Anti-diabetic	Strawberries	Ellagic acid Flavonoids anthocyanins	Inhibit the activities of carbohydrate and lipid related enzymes such as α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and angiotensin I-converting enzyme Improved glycemic control and antioxidant status, and reduced lipid peroxidation and inflammatory response in patients with type II diabetes	^[Citation95,Citation96]

Alvarez-Suarez, J. M.; Giampieri, F.; Tulipani, S.; Casoli, T.; Di Stefano, G.; Gonzalez-Paramas, A. M.; Santos-Buelga, C.; Busco, F.; Quiles, J. L.; Cordero, M. D., et al. One-month strawberry-rich Anthocyanin Supplementation Ameliorates Cardiovascular Risk, Oxidative Stress Markers and Platelet Activation in Humans. J. Nutr. Biochem 2014, 25(3), 289–294. DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.11.002.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Halvorsen, B. L.; Carlsen, M. H.; Phillips, K. M.; Bohn, S. K.; Holte, K.; Jacobs, D. R.; Blomhoff, R. Content of redox-active Compounds (Ie, Antioxidants) in Foods Consumed in the United States. Am. J. Clin. Nutr 2006, 84(1), 95–135. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/84.1.95.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Drozdz, P.; Seziene, V.; Pyrzynska, K. Phytochemical Properties and Antioxidant Activities of Extracts from Wild Blueberries and Lingonberries. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr 2017, 72(4), 360–364. DOI: 10.1007/s11130-017-0640-3.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Joseph, S. V.; Edirisinghe, I.; Burton-Freeman, B. M. Berries: Anti-inflammatory Effects in Humans. J. Agri. Food Chem 2014, 62(18), 3886–3903. DOI: 10.1021/jf4044056.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Blumberg, J. B.; Basu, A.; Krueger, C. G.; Lila, M. A.; Neto, C. C.; Novotny, J. A.; Reed, J. D.; Rodriduez-Mateos, A.; Toner, C. D. Impact of Cranberries on Gut Microbiota and Cardiometabolic Health: Proceedings of the Cranberry Health Research Conference 2015. Adv. Nutr 2016, 7(4), 759–770. DOI: 10.3945/an.116.012583.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Basu, A.; Lyons, T. J. Strawberries, Blueberries and Cranberries in the Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Perspectives. J. Agri. Food Chem 2011, 60(23), 5687–5692. DOI: 10.1021/jf203488k.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Pinto, S. A.; Bohland, E.; Coelho Cde, P.; Morgulis, M. S.; Bonamin, L. V. An Animal Model for the Study of Grapeseed in Stress and Depression: Pilot Study. Homeopathy. 2008, 97(3), 141–144. DOI: 10.1016/j.homp.2008.04.001.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Moazen, S.; Amani, R.; Homayouni Rad, A.; Shahbazian, H.; Ahmadi, K.; Taha Jalali, M. Effects of freeze-dried Strawberry Supplementation on Metabolic Biomarkers of Atherosclerosis in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized double-blind Controlled Trial. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 2013, 63(3), 256–264. DOI: 10.1159/000356053.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar