A review on Cosmos caudatus as A potential medicinal plant based on pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities

Figures & data

Figure 1. Cosmos caudatus plant.

Figure 2. Chromosome numbers of Cosmos caudatus: a) 22; b) 30; c) 32; d) 36; and e) 40. (adapted from Salamah et al., ^[16]

Figure 3. The summary of the reported active compounds from Cosmos caudatus based on the profiling and isolation techniques.

Figure 4. The chemical structure of active compounds in the Cosmos caudatus plant. (1) Quercetin; (2) Kaemferol; (3) Qyercitrin; (4) Rutin; (5) Chlorogenic acid; (6) Stigmasterol; (7) Costunoloide; (8) Lutein; (9) α-Copaine; (10) Bergamotene; (11) ɣ-Muurolene.

Figure 5. Previous study of Cosmos caudatus as medicinal herb (n: 68).

Table 1. Potency of Cosmos caudatus on its pharmacological activities.

Pharmacological Activities	Types of Extract	Types of Testing	Doses, MIC or IC50 value	References
Antidiabetes	Ethanol	In-vitro testing (α-glucosidase inhibition)	12.6–40.9 μg/mL	^[Citation4,Citation22,Citation23,Citation27]
		In-vivo testing on rats	200 mg/kg BW and 400 mg/kg BW	^[Citation5]
	Fresh leaves	Clinical study on human	15 g for 8 weeks	^[Citation2]
Antibacterial	Essential oil	In-vitro testing	0.05%	^[Citation3]
	n-hexane	In-vitro testing	MIC: 25 mg/ml	^[Citation10]
	Ethanol	In-vitro testing	MIC: 6.25 mg/ml
	Diethyl ether	In-vitro testing	MIC: 6.25 mg/ml
Antifungal	n-hexane extract	In-vitro testing	MIC: 25 mg/ml
	Ethanol	In-vitro testing	MIC: 6.25 mg/ml
	Diethyl ether	In-vitro testing	MIC: 6.25 mg/ml
Antihypertency	Water	In-vivo testing on rats	500 and 1000 mg/kg	^[Citation28]
Antioxidant	Ethanol	In-vitro testing of DPPH	IC50: 32 µg/mL to 55 µg/mL	^[Citation8,Citation21,Citation29]
	Ethanol	In-vitro testing of FRAP method	172 ± 1 µmol TE/fresh weight or 50.08 ± 0.71 mg AAE/g	^[Citation9]
	Ethanol	In-vitro testing of ABTS^+	IC50: 31.97 ± 1.42 µg/mL	^[Citation8]
	Water	In-vivo testing on rats	1000 mg/kg BW	^[Citation30]
	Herbal tea	In-vitro testing of DPPH	1055.36 ± 42.38 µg/ml of tea	^[Citation31]
		In-vitro testing of FRAP method	502.21 ± 21.18 µM (TE)/ml of tea
Anti-osteoporosis	Water	In-vivo testing on rats	500 mg/kg BW	^[Citation32,Citation33]
Anti-hyperlipidemic	Ethanol	In-vitro testing of lipase	1000 ppm	^[Citation29]
	Ethanol	In-vivo testing on rats	200 mg/kg BW	^[Citation34]
	Ethanol	In-vivo testing on rats	400 mg/kg BW	^[Citation5]
Anti-inflammation	Ethanol	In-vitro testing of ADP inhibition	IC50: 87.26 mg/ml	^[Citation35]
	Methanol and water	In-vivo t0esting on rats	200 mg/kg BW	^[Citation36]
Hepatoprotector agent	Water	In-vivo testing on rats	1000 mg/kg BW	^[Citation30]
Fertility agent	Ethanol	In-vivo testing on rats	500 mg/kg BW	^[Citation37]
Anticancer	Ethanol	In-vitro testing of Hela cell	IC50:89.90 ± 1.30 µg/mL	^[Citation8]

IC₅₀: The concentration of sample for 50% inhibition

MIC: Minimum inhibition concentrations

TE: Trolox equivalent

AAE: Ascorbic Acid Equivalent

BW: Body weight of male rats

ADP: Adenosine diphosphate

Figure 6. Proposed toxicological evaluations of herbal extracts and isolated bioactive compounds (Adapted from Sharwan et al., ^[62]).

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