Phytochemical profile and pro-healthy properties of Terminalia chebula: A comprehensive review

Figures & data

Table 1. Taxonomy and Nomenclature.

Kingdom	Plantae
Division	Magnoliophyta
Class	Magnoliopsisda
Order	Myratales
Family	Combretaceae
Genus	Terminalia
Specie	Chebula

Source: Akhtar and Husain .^[19]

Table 2. Proximate composition of Terminalia chebula.

Parameters	Seeds	Aerial Parts	Roots	Whole plant
Moisture (%)	17.27 ± 0.01	7.58 ± 0.02	3.28 ± 0.01	58.2
Crude Fat (%)	2.97 ± 0.01	1.40 ± 0.11	0.577 ± 0.01
Ash (%)	8.56 ± 0.003	2.61 ± 0.01	3.48 ± 0.01	3.07
Crude Protein (%)	18.45 ± 0.03	3.70 ± 0.01	2.24 ± 0.01	3.78
Crude fiber (%)	16.45 ± 0.02	48.62 ± 0.01	40.67 ± 0.01	6.36
Total Carbohydrates (%)	36.31 ± 0.02	43.49 ± 0.03	49.76 ± 0.02

Source: Malik, Madan, and Dhanda .^[25]

Table 3. Mineral composition of Terminalia chebula.

Minerals	Leaves	Seed kernel	Seed coat	Fruit Pulp	Aqueous Extract (mg/kg)	Aqueous Extract (mg/100 g)	Fruit	Fruits
Mg	121	2666	21	-	35.2	41.97 ± 0.08	4.411	67.3
Al	32	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
P	772	6942	665	-	3.0537	-	-	64.6
S	606	2549	342	-	-	-	-	67.1
Cl	789	-	173	-	-	-	-	141.8
K	6340	7302	7582	-	108.2	620.52 ± 1.17	54.96	968.2
Ca	2071	4500	1014	-	144.3	113.2 ± 0.09	2.733	128.1
Rb	8	28	9	-	-	-	-	-
Cr	2	-	2	-	-	0.28 ± 0.00	-	-
Mn	66	38	9	34.57	0.255	-	0.009	0.8
Fe	179	71	416	30.05	2.0763	19.95 ± 0.02	0.711	3
Co	1	1	1	-	-	-	0.020	-
Cu	1	17	5	7.33	1.752	2.15 ± 0.01	0.626	0.57
Zn	7	59	5	20.18	1.025	0.84 ± 0.01	0.579	3.5
Pb	2	-	1	-	0.6323	-	0.546	-
Na	-	-	-	-	77.3	18.82 ± 0.03	0.605	6.8
Ni	-	-	-	-	-	0.17 ± 0.00	-	-

Source: Malik, Madan, and Dhanda^[25]; Chakradhari et al.^[26]; Gunasekar et al.^[8]

Table 4. Categorization of phytochemicals and their structures.

Sr. #	Compound name	Category	Structure	Citation
	Casuarinin	Hydrolysable tannin		[^Citation28]
	Gallic acid	Phenolic compound		[^Citation36]
	Chebulagic acid	Hydrolysable tannin		[^Citation28]
	Chebulinic acid	Hydrolysable tannin		[^Citation28]
	Ellagic acid	Phenolic compound		[^Citation36]
	Rutin	Flavonoid		[^Citation49]
	Ferulic acid	Phenolic compound		[^Citation50]
	Caffeic acid	Phenolic compound		[^Citation50,^Citation51]
	Vannilic acid	Phenolic compound		[^Citation50]
	Corilagin	Tannin		[^Citation36]
	Ethyl gallate	Simple phenolic compound derivative		[^Citation52]
	Methyl gallate	Simple phenolic compound derivative		[^Citation36]
	1,2,3,4,6-Penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose	Tannin		[^Citation36]
	2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose	Tannin		^[^Citation52^]

Figure 1. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of the secondary metabolites in Terminalia chebula extracts.

Figure 2. The schematic representation on the mechanism of antimicrobial action by the bioactives of Terminalia chebula.

Figure 3. The anti-diabetic property of the Terminalia chebula extracts.

Figure 4. The schematic diagram illustrating the spectrum of anti-neurodegenerative effects of Terminalia chebula.

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