Antioxidant stability of vitamin C in double Pickering emulsion W/O/W with microcrystalline cellulose

Figures & data

Table 1. Emulsion material for each treatment.

Emulsion material	Formula (g)
	P80-MCC	P80	WPC-MCC	WPC-P
Demineralized water	5.28	5.28	5.28	5.28
Vitamin C	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6
MgSO4	0.12	0.12	0.12	0.12
W1 phase	6	6	6	6
Soybean oil	13	13	13	13
Sorbitan tristearate	1	1	1	1
O phase	14	14	14	14
Aqua demineral	74	75	73	73
Polysorbate 80	2	2	0	0
Whey protein concentrate	0	0	2	2
Micro crystalline cellulose	1	0	1	0
NaCl	3	3	3	3
Pectin	0	0	0	1
Citric acid	0	0	0.5	0.5
Propyl paraben	0	0	0.5	0.5
W2 phase	80	80	80	80
Total W1/O/W2 (g)	100	100	100	100

Figure 1. W₁/O/W₂ emulsion structure a. Emulsion with Polysorbate 80 b. Emulsion with polysorbate–MCC c. Emulsion with WPC–MCC d. Emulsion with WPC–pectin.

Figure 2. Stability of vitamin C W₁/O emulsion: (a) 0th day, (b) 7th day, and (c) 14th day.

Table 2. Coalescence of W₁/O emulsion.

Sorbitan tristearate	Coalescence (%)
	0	7	14
1%	0.0 ± 0.0	21.4 ± 3.1	24.1 ± 1.6
2%	0.0 ± 0.0	9.2 ± 4.3	11.9 ± 7.1
3%	0.0 ± 0.0	9.1 ± 1.9	11.2 ± 1.4
4%	0.0 ± 0.0	4.5 ± 0.7	6.1 ± 1.6
5%	0.0 ± 0.0	0.0 ± 0.0	3.2 ± 1.1

Table 3. Particle size of W₁/O emulsion.

Sorbitan tristearate	Particle size (μm)
1%	1.166 ± 0.04
2%	1.144 ± 0.03
3%	0.860 ± 0.03
4%	0.737 ± 0.04
5%	0.698 ± 0.01

Figure 3. Creaming index of W₁/O/W₂ emulsion during storage.

Figure 4. Separation of W₁/O/W₂ emulsion during storage.

Figure 5. Serum index of W₁/O/W₂ vitamin C during storage.

Table 4. N value of W₁/O/W₂ emulsion.

Treatment	n
P80–MCC	1.8018
P80	0.6043
WPC–MCC	1.6596
WPC–P	1.3086

Table 5. Zeta potential of W₁/O/W₂ emulsion.

Treatment	Zeta potensial (mV)
	0	14	28
(A) P80–MCC	−23.9	−25.8	−26.0
(B) P80	−28.0	−28.1	−30.8
(C) WPC–MCC	−24.3	−24.6	−28.0
(D) WPC–P	−30.3	−31.8	−31.9

Figure 6. IC₅₀ value of W₁/O/W₂ emulsion during storage.

Figure 7. Increase of IC₅₀ value per day.